(27) In order to allow a harmonious transition in certain areas which were the subject of special provisions in the Protocol annexed to the Brussels Convention, this Regulation lays down, for a transitional period, provisions taking into consideration the specific situation in certain Member States. A court of a Member State in which recognition is sought of a judgment given in Ireland or the United Kingdom may stay the proceedings if enforcement is suspended in the State of origin, by reason of an appeal. Prior to 1921, Northern Ireland was part of the same legal system as the rest of Ireland.. For the purposes of private international law, the United Kingdom is divided into For instance, an appeal is heard by the appellate court, which has appellate jurisdiction, but has no authority to hear the original legal matter. The procedure for making the application shall be governed by the law of the Member State in which enforcement is sought.2. Any interested party who raises the recognition of a judgment as the principal issue in a dispute may, in accordance with the procedures provided for in Sections 2 and 3 of this Chapter, apply for a decision that the judgment be recognised. Except as otherwise expressly provided by Act of Congress, any civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the United States have original jurisdiction, may be removed by the defendant or the defendants, to the district court of the United States for the district and division embracing the place where such action is pending. Subject to Article 66(2) and Article 70, this Regulation shall, as between Member States, supersede the following conventions and treaty concluded between two or more of them: - the Convention between Belgium and France on Jurisdiction and the Validity and Enforcement of Judgments, Arbitration Awards and Authentic Instruments, signed at Paris on 8 July 1899. In addition, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court has been incorporated into domestic law in many countries to provide for the International Criminal Court to exercise jurisdiction within their borders. 2. 3. Under no circumstances may the foreign judgment be reviewed as to its substance.Article 461. 1. A person domiciled in a Member State may also be sued: 1. where he is one of a number of defendants, in the courts for the place where any one of them is domiciled, provided the claims are so closely connected that it is expedient to hear and determine them together to avoid the risk of irreconcilable judgments resulting from separate proceedings; 2. as a third party in an action on a warranty or guarantee or in any other third party proceedings, in the court seised of the original proceedings, unless these were instituted solely with the object of removing him from the jurisdiction of the court which would be competent in his case; 3. on a counter-claim arising from the same contract or facts on which the original claim was based, in the court in which the original claim is pending; 4. in matters relating to a contract, if the action may be combined with an action against the same defendant in matters relating to rights in rem in immovable property, in the court of the Member State in which the property is situated. - the Convention between France and Austria on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments and Authentic Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Vienna on 15 July 1966. Listen now | Through the Legal Accountability Project, Shatzman provides support and resources to law clerks who have not had positive clerkship experiences. Note the UPDATES at the end: several other schools have already followed suit. - in Greece, the " ". Current U.S. law. When the issue is between two or more states, the Supreme Court acts like a trial court by gathering and hearing evidence related to the case. Judges James Ho and Lisa Branch, leaders of the Yale Law boycott, are heading to YLSat the invitation of Dean Heather Gerken. According to this concept, national rights were limited to a specified belt of water extending from a nation's coastlines, usually 3 nautical miles (5.6km; 3.5mi) (three-mile limit), according to the 'cannon shot' rule developed by the Dutch jurist Cornelius van Bynkershoek. Reference number4.3. - in Portugal: Articles 65 and 65A of the Code of Civil Procedure (Cdigo de Processo Civil) and Article 11 of the Code of Labour Procedure (Cdigo de Processo de Trabalho). Pages available in the www.gov.pl domain may contain e-mail addresses. Judgments given in other Member States by virtue of Article 6(2), or Article 11 shall be recognised and enforced in Germany and Austria in accordance with Chapter III. Authentic instrument4.1. Jurisdiction (from Latin juris 'law' + dictio 'declaration') is the legal term for the legal authority granted to a legal entity to enact justice.In federations like the United States, areas of jurisdiction apply to local, state, and federal levels. 1. To that end, the declaration that a judgment is enforceable should be issued virtually automatically after purely formal checks of the documents supplied, without there being any possibility for the court to raise of its own motion any of the grounds for non-enforcement provided for by this Regulation. Certain provisions of the Protocol annexed to the Brussels Convention should accordingly be incorporated in this Regulation. If the certificate referred to in Article 54 is not produced, the court or competent authority may specify a time for its production or accept an equivalent document or, if it considers that it has sufficient information before it, dispense with its production.2. Where by virtue of this Regulation a court of a Member State has jurisdiction in actions relating to liability from the use or operation of a ship, that court, or any other court substituted for this purpose by the internal law of that Member State, shall also have jurisdiction over claims for limitation of such liability. Text of the enforceable obligation as annexed to this certificate, The authentic instrument is enforceable against the debtor in the Member State of origin (Article 57(1) of the Regulation), Use quotation marks to search for an "exact phrase". For instance, family law court has the authority to hear a child custody case, but not to hear a burglary case. The same applies if movable and immovable property are covered by the same insurance policy and both are adversely affected by the same contingency.Article 111. On appeal, an appellate court is empowered to either alter or reverse the lower courts decision, should the appellate court find there to be an error in the lower courts decision. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Articles 3 and 7 of Decision 1999/468/EC shall apply.3. Criminal jurisdiction can be of an extraterritorial nature where: Criminal codes in certain countries assert jurisdiction over crimes committed outside the country: Many countries have implemented laws that allow their nationals to be prosecuted by their courts for crimes such as war crimes and genocide even when the crime is committed extraterritorially. The most commonly used -- and frequently litigated -- phrase in the amendment is "equal protection of the laws", which figures prominently in a wide variety of landmark cases, including Brown v.Board of Education (racial discrimination), Roe v. Wade (reproductive Parties to the instrument4.4.1. The court may also make enforcement conditional on the provision of such security as it shall determine. 2. The same applies if movable and immovable property are covered by the same insurance policy and both are adversely affected by the same contingency. [33] In Morrison v. National Australia Bank, 2010, the Supreme Court held that in interpreting a statute, the "presumption against extraterritoriality" is absolute unless the text of the statute explicitly says otherwise.[34]. In order to determine whether a party is domiciled in the Member State whose courts are seised of a matter, the court shall apply its internal law.2. 2. Personal jurisdiction is a court's jurisdiction over the parties, as determined by the facts in evidence, which bind the parties to a lawsuit, as opposed to subject-matter jurisdiction, which is jurisdiction over the law involved in the suit. WebIn all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. Do you want to help improving EUR-Lex ? A person domiciled in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and sued in the court of another Member State pursuant to Article 5(1) may refuse to submit to the jurisdiction of that court if the final place of delivery of the goods or provision of the services is in Luxembourg. The competent authority of a Member State where an authentic instrument was drawn up or registered shall issue, at the request of any interested party, a certificate using the standard form in Annex VI to this Regulation.Article 58A settlement which has been approved by a court in the course of proceedings and is enforceable in the Member State in which it was concluded shall be enforceable in the State addressed under the same conditions as authentic instruments. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. An employer domiciled in a Member State may be sued: 1. in the courts of the Member State where he is domiciled; or, (a) in the courts for the place where the employee habitually carries out his work or in the courts for the last place where he did so, or. 2. 1. 2. as a third party in an action on a warranty or guarantee or in any other third party proceedings, in the court seised of the original proceedings, unless these were instituted solely with the object of removing him from the jurisdiction of the court which would be competent in his case; However, the court seised of the matter may order appearance in person; in the case of failure to appear, a judgment given in the civil action without the person concerned having had the opportunity to arrange for his defence need not be recognised or enforced in the other Member States.Article 62In Sweden, in summary proceedings concerning orders to pay (betalningsfrelggande) and assistance (handrckning), the expression "court" includes the "Swedish enforcement service" (kronofogdemyndighet).Article 631. However, under the U.S. Constitution (Article III, Section 2), the Supreme Court has "original jurisdiction" over several small but important categories of cases. This Article shall not affect the right to bring a counter-claim in the court in which, in accordance with this Section, the original claim is pending. [12], Extraterritorial jurisdiction in the area of antitrust faces various limitations, such as the problem of accessing foreign-based evidence,[13] as well as the difficulties of challenged anticompetitive conduct arising from foreign state involvement. For the defunct airline, see, This element was added in response to the case of, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, Extraterritorial jurisdiction in Irish law, Nuclear Explosions (Prohibition and Inspections) Act 1998, International Parental Kidnapping Crime Act, Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act, International Traffic in Arms Regulations, International Emergency Economic Powers Act, Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, "Germany's Angela Merkel slams planned US sanctions on Russia", "Europe 'stands ready to act' if US sanctions on Russia affect its oil and gas supplies", "France says U.S. sanctions on Iran, Russia look illegal", A. Parrish, 'The Effects Test: Extraterritoriality's Fifth Business' (2008) 61 Vand. - the Convention between Belgium and the Netherlands on Jurisdiction, Bankruptcy, and the Validity and Enforcement of Judgments, Arbitration Awards and Authentic Instruments, signed at Brussels on 28 March 1925. Where the judgment was given in Ireland or the United Kingdom, any form of appeal available in the Member State of origin shall be treated as an ordinary appeal for the purposes of paragraph 1. The provisions of this Section shall not affect the right to bring a counter-claim in the court in which, in accordance with this Section, the original claim is pending.Article 21The provisions of this Section may be departed from only by an agreement on jurisdiction:1. which is entered into after the dispute has arisen; or2. On 1 February 2011, the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) issued an advisory opinion concerning the legal responsibilities and obligations of States Parties to the Convention with respect to the sponsorship of activities in the Area in accordance with Part XI of the Convention and the 1994 Agreement. Marbury, in accordance with the newly enacted Judiciary Act of 1801, petitioned the Supreme Court to force Secretary James Madison to deliver the paperwork to him. 2. 1. The original jurisdiction of the Court is laid out by statute in 28 U.S.C. Type of authority3.2.2. As against such a defendant, any person domiciled in a Member State may, whatever his nationality, avail himself in that State of the rules of jurisdiction there in force, and in particular those specified in Annex I, in the same way as the nationals of that State. DRAFT HOW TO COLLECT YOUR JUDGMENT-WILLIAM T. TANNER The court with which an appeal is lodged under Article 43 or Article 44 may, on the application of the party against whom enforcement is sought, stay the proceedings if an ordinary appeal has been lodged against the judgment in the Member State of origin or if the time for such an appeal has not yet expired; in the latter case, the court may specify the time within which such an appeal is to be lodged.2. While each legal jurisdiction usually has its own legislation governing maritime The domicile of a legal person must be defined autonomously so as to make the common rules more transparent and avoid conflicts of jurisdiction. Based on the defendants reason for not appearing at the hearing, the judge may allow the motion to vacate the judgment. Admiralty law consists of both domestic law on maritime activities, and private international law governing the relationships between private parties operating or using ocean-going ships. This is why certain areas, like Ellis Island, technically belonged to New York, even though they were located on the New Jersey side of the river. The court with which an appeal is lodged under Article 43 or Article 44 shall refuse or revoke a declaration of enforceability only if enforcement of the instrument is manifestly contrary to public policy in the Member State addressed.2. The provisions of this Article shall apply for a period of six years from entry into force of this Regulation. "One country, two systems" is a constitutional principle of the People's Republic of China (PRC) describing the governance of the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.. Where a defendant domiciled in one Member State is sued in a court of another Member State and does not enter an appearance, the court shall declare of its own motion that it has no jurisdiction unless its jurisdiction is derived from the provisions of this Regulation.2. (5) On 27 September 1968 the Member States, acting under Article 293, fourth indent, of the Treaty, concluded the Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, as amended by Conventions on the Accession of the New Member States to that Convention (hereinafter referred to as the "Brussels Convention")(4). - in Italy: Articles 3 and 4 of Act 218 of 31 May 1995. A consumer may bring proceedings against the other party to a contract either in the courts of the Member State in which that party is domiciled or in the courts for the place where the consumer is domiciled.2. The Commission shall be assisted by a committee. The translation shall be certified by a person qualified to do so in one of the Member States.Article 56No legalisation or other similar formality shall be required in respect of the documents referred to in Article 53 or Article 55(2), or in respect of a document appointing a representative ad litem.CHAPTER IVAUTHENTIC INSTRUMENTS AND COURT SETTLEMENTSArticle 571. Criminal jurisdiction is a term used in constitutional law and public law to describe the power of courts to hear a case brought by a state accusing a defendant of the commission of a crime. (15) In the interests of the harmonious administration of justice it is necessary to minimise the possibility of concurrent proceedings and to ensure that irreconcilable judgments will not be given in two Member States. Where these actions are pending at first instance, any court other than the court first seised may also, on the application of one of the parties, decline jurisdiction if the court first seised has jurisdiction over the actions in question and its law permits the consolidation thereof.3. 2. if the document has to be served before being lodged with the court, at the time when it is received by the authority responsible for service, provided that the plaintiff has not subsequently failed to take the steps he was required to take to have the document lodged with the court. - in Finland, the "krjoikeus/tingsrtt". The constitutional principle was formulated in the early 1980s during negotiations over Hong Kong between China and the United Kingdom.It provided that there would be only one China, but that Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001of 22 December 2000on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial mattersTHE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, and in particular Article 61(c) and Article 67(1) thereof,Having regard to the proposal from the Commission(1),Having regard to the opinion of the European Parliament(2),Having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee(3),Whereas:(1) The Community has set itself the objective of maintaining and developing an area of freedom, security and justice, in which the free movement of persons is ensured. Where related actions are pending in the courts of different Member States, any court other than the court first seised may stay its proceedings. As of June2016[update], 167 countries and the European Union are parties. The court or competent authority of a Member State where a court settlement was approved shall issue, at the request of any interested party, a certificate using the standard form in Annex V to this Regulation.CHAPTER VGENERAL PROVISIONSArticle 591. 2. SCJB Offices do not accept payments for Criminal/Traffic/Parking citations. Although this statute was ignored for many years, U.S. courts since the 1980s have interpreted it to allow foreigners to seek justice in cases of human-rights violations in foreign lands, such as in Sosa v. Continuity in the results achieved in that revision should be ensured. The competent authority of a Member State where an authentic instrument was drawn up or registered shall issue, at the request of any interested party, a certificate using the standard form in Annex VI to this Regulation. 1. When a judgment must be recognised in accordance with this Regulation, nothing shall prevent the applicant from availing himself of provisional, including protective, measures in accordance with the law of the Member State requested without a declaration of enforceability under Article 41 being required. M Martyniszyn, Extraterritoriality in EU Competition Law (in) Nuno Cunha Rodrigues (ed), Extraterritoriality of EU Economic Law (Springer 2021). 1251. Section 72 was used to convict paedophile Richard Huckle on 71 counts of serious sexual offences against children in Malaysia. The procedure for making the application shall be governed by the law of the Member State in which enforcement is sought. This Regulation shall apply only to legal proceedings instituted and to documents formally drawn up or registered as authentic instruments after the entry into force thereof. During the time specified for an appeal pursuant to Article 43(5) against the declaration of enforceability and until any such appeal has been determined, no measures of enforcement may be taken other than protective measures against the property of the party against whom enforcement is sought.Article 481. Supreme Court (803)734-1080 Court of Appeals (803)734-1890 Court Admin (803)734-1800 Disciplinary Counsel (803)734-2038 Human Resources (803)734-1970 Fiscal Services (803)734-0590 Technical Support (803)734-1799. In common law jurisdictions, seditious conspiracy is an agreement by two or more persons to do any act with the intention to excite hatred or contempt against the persons or institutions of state, to excite the alteration by unlawful means of a state or church matter established by law, to raise discontent among the people, or to promote ill will and enmity between classes. 2. Where the jurisdiction of the court first seised is established, any court other than the court first seised shall decline jurisdiction in favour of that court. The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA) is a Uniform Act drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in 1997. The test of public policy referred to in point 1 of Article 34 may not be applied to the rules relating to jurisdiction.Article 36Under no circumstances may a foreign judgment be reviewed as to its substance.Article 371. This Article shall not affect the right to bring a counter-claim in the court in which, in accordance with this Section, the original claim is pending.Article 17The provisions of this Section may be departed from only by an agreement:1. which is entered into after the dispute has arisen; or2. - in Spain, the "Juzgado de Primera Instancia". In the U.S., extraterritorial impacts in this field first arose from Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States,[7] where Imperial Oil in Canada was ordered to be divested from Standard Oil. Date of service of the document instituting the proceedings where judgment was given in default of appearance, 4.5. As of June 2016, 167 countries and the European Union are parties.. (a) for the defendant: the "arrondissementsrechtbank". A consumer may bring proceedings against the other party to a contract either in the courts of the Member State in which that party is domiciled or in the courts for the place where the consumer is domiciled. (24) Likewise for the sake of consistency, this Regulation should not affect rules governing jurisdiction and the recognition of judgments contained in specific Community instruments. The Federalist Society And The Capitol Attack: What Is To Be Done? Original jurisdiction is related to cases directly brought to the Supreme Court. James Madison, the newly appointed Secretary of State, refused to deliver the signed commission to Marbury, which kept Marbury from taking the office. It shall not extend, in particular, to revenue, customs or administrative matters. Star Athletica, L.L.C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc. In Memoriam: Judge Laurence H. Silberman (1935-2022). (b) for the applicant: the "gerechtshof". (a) in matters relating to a contract, in the courts for the place of performance of the obligation in question; (b) for the purpose of this provision and unless otherwise agreed, the place of performance of the obligation in question shall be: - in the case of the sale of goods, the place in a Member State where, under the contract, the goods were delivered or should have been delivered. 2. - the Convention between Belgium and Italy on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments and other Enforceable Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed at Rome on 6 April 1962. Authority which has given authenticity to the instrument3.1. The Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (UCCJEA) is a Uniform Act drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in 1997. [25], Part XII of UNCLOS contains special provisions for the protection of the marine environment, obligating all States to collaborate in this matter, as well as placing special obligations on flag States to ensure that ships under their flags adhere to international environmental regulations, often adopted by the IMO. Work has been undertaken for the revision of those Conventions, and the Council has approved the content of the revised texts. The applicant must give an address for service of process within the area of jurisdiction of the court applied to. Authority involved in the drawing up of the authentic instrument (if applicable)3.1.1. Date4.2. A person domiciled in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and sued in the court of another Member State pursuant to Article 5(1) may refuse to submit to the jurisdiction of that court if the final place of delivery of the goods or provision of the services is in Luxembourg.2. With more than 160 nations participating, the conference lasted until 1982. 2. 2. The Commission shall adapt the Annexes concerned accordingly.2. An applicant may request a declaration of enforceability limited to parts of a judgment.Article 49A foreign judgment which orders a periodic payment by way of a penalty shall be enforceable in the Member State in which enforcement is sought only if the amount of the payment has been finally determined by the courts of the Member State of origin.Article 50An applicant who, in the Member State of origin has benefited from complete or partial legal aid or exemption from costs or expenses, shall be entitled, in the procedure provided for in this Section, to benefit from the most favourable legal aid or the most extensive exemption from costs or expenses provided for by the law of the Member State addressed.Article 51No security, bond or deposit, however described, shall be required of a party who in one Member State applies for enforcement of a judgment given in another Member State on the ground that he is a foreign national or that he is not domiciled or resident in the State in which enforcement is sought.Article 52In proceedings for the issue of a declaration of enforceability, no charge, duty or fee calculated by reference to the value of the matter at issue may be levied in the Member State in which enforcement is sought.Section 3Common provisionsArticle 531. The Member States shall notify the Commission of the texts amending the lists set out in Annexes I to IV. Member State of origin2. 1. [22], Landlocked states are given a right of access to and from the sea, without taxation of traffic through transit states.[23]. If Sam has a dispute with his neighbor over $500 in damage to his fence caused by the neighbors dog, the Superior Courts Small Claims division has original jurisdiction over the matter. An applicant who, in the Member State of origin has benefited from complete or partial legal aid or exemption from costs or expenses, shall be entitled, in the procedure provided for in this Section, to benefit from the most favourable legal aid or the most extensive exemption from costs or expenses provided for by the law of the Member State addressed. Biglaw's Latest Cancel-Culture Controversy. In matters relating to a contract concluded by a person, the consumer, for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession, jurisdiction shall be determined by this Section, without prejudice to Article 4 and point 5 of Article 5, if:(a) it is a contract for the sale of goods on instalment credit terms; or(b) it is a contract for a loan repayable by instalments, or for any other form of credit, made to finance the sale of goods; or(c) in all other cases, the contract has been concluded with a person who pursues commercial or professional activities in the Member State of the consumer's domicile or, by any means, directs such activities to that Member State or to several States including that Member State, and the contract falls within the scope of such activities.2. Extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ) is the legal ability of a government to exercise authority beyond its normal boundaries.. Any authority can claim ETJ over any external territory they wish. Yale And Harvard Law To U.S. News: Drop Dead. 3. Description of the instrument4.2. Official websites use .gov. Certain federal property has the status of federal enclave, restricting the application of state laws,[31] but that has been partially rectified by the Assimilative Crimes Act. 3. Original jurisdiction is related to cases directly brought to the Supreme Court. A document which has been formally drawn up or registered as an authentic instrument and is enforceable in one Member State shall, in another Member State, be declared enforceable there, on application made in accordance with the procedures provided for in Articles 38, et seq. This was due to the fact that the Act had tried to give the Supreme Court original jurisdiction, beyond that which was permitted in the Constitution. The application shall be submitted to the court or competent authority indicated in the list in Annex II.2. WebThe law of Northern Ireland is the legal system of statute and common law operating in Northern Ireland since the partition of Ireland established Northern Ireland as a distinct jurisdiction in 1921. The issues that led to this suit were: The Court decided that all of the land that was originally given to New York as part of the compact remained under New Yorks jurisdiction. 2. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Articles 8, 9 and 10 shall apply to actions brought by the injured party directly against the insurer, where such direct actions are permitted.3. 3. (2) Certain differences between national rules governing jurisdiction and recognition of judgments hamper the sound operation of the internal market. 1. Tension on the High Seas", List of countries that have ratified Law of the Sea Conventions, Permanent Court of Arbitration Past and Pending Cases, Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UNCLOS (2010), United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, "Technical aspects of the UN Law of the Sea", UNEP Shelf Programme, UN organisation set up to assist States in delineating their continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (370km), Digital Map of the World's Exclusive Economic Zones, Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, International Plant Protection Convention, Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, Treaty of Versailles, Part XII, Section VI, Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina, UNEP regional seas conventions and action plans, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&oldid=1119096354, Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola, Treaties of the People's Republic of China, Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia, Treaties of the Somali Democratic Republic, Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan, Treaties entered into by the European Union, Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations, Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles, Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory, Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory, Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands, Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands, Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands, Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands, Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2016, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from January 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish, Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and Andrew P. 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