denotes the Fourier transform, and I and Q are the transforms of I(t) and Q(t). The frequency was standardised at 50Hz, and the 225 kV network replaced 110 kV and 120 kV. Utilities may impose load shedding on service areas via targeted blackouts, rolling blackouts or by agreements with specific high-use industrial consumers to turn off equipment at times of system-wide peak demand. Refer to the user manual for proper connection. [citation needed]. Events such as various types of faults, tap changes, switching events, circuit protection devices. Neighboring utilities also help others to maintain the overall system frequency and also help manage tie transfers between utility regions. This page was last edited on 4 July 2022, at 01:57. [17] China's solution to the problem was to build all its own PMUs adhering to its own specifications and standards so there would be no multi-vendor source of conflicts, standards, protocols, or performance characteristics. [32] In 2017 a utility in Southern California has successfully demonstrated the use of a battery energy storage system to provide a black start, firing up a combined cycle gas turbine from an idle state.[33]. Each SHP cap share is equal to an electric companys load measured in megawatt-hours in calendar year 2016. Energy is stored in the immediate short term by the rotational kinetic energy of the generators. This means the reading device can be a receiver only, and the meter a transmitter only. Ability to calculate impedances of loads, distribution lines, verify voltage magnitude and delta angles based on mathematical state models. Neighbouring interconnections with the same frequency and standards can be synchronized and directly connected to form a larger interconnection, or they may share power without synchronization via high-voltage direct current power transmission lines (DC ties), or with variable-frequency transformers (VFTs), which permit a controlled flow of energy while also functionally isolating the independent AC frequencies of each side. In three phase 208V appliances, you may need four or five wires where three wires are as Hot and the rest are ground and neutral. How to Wire 120V & 208V, 1-Phase & 3-Phase Load? In 2006, China's Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) for its 6 grids had 300 PMUs installed mainly at 500 kV and 330 kV substations and power plants. For example, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation gained binding powers in the United States in 2006, and has advisory powers in the applicable parts of Canada and Mexico. Tire speed rating The A in this function is a scalar value, that is most often described as voltage or current magnitude (for PMU measurements). The backlighting is useful. In 1972, Theodore George Ted Paraskevakos, while working with Boeing in Huntsville, Alabama, developed a sensor monitoring system which used digital transmission for security, fire and medical alarm systems as well as meter reading capabilities for all utilities. The bill was the first step towards an integrated electricity system. An 120V single phase standard outlet is connected to hot 1, neutral and ground wires. St. 2016, c. 188, s. 10. For rotating generators, a local governor regulates the driving torque, maintaining almost constant rotation speed as loading changes. Early electric energy was produced near the device or service requiring that energy. The benefits of smart metering for the customer. Three poles, two poles and single pole circuit breakers can be snapped (i.e. The phase reference for NTSC, for example, is included within its colorburst signal. Middle East Legal Chronicle. 1-42. In addition, with the meter data being readily available, more flexible billing cycles would be available to their customers instead of following the standard utility read cycles. Dechert Announces New Global Leadership Team. The factor of i (= ei/2) represents the 90 phase shift that enables their individual demodulations. Doing your own electrical work is dangerous as well as illegal in some cases. These controls will affect both large scale (multiple-states) and individual transmission line sections at intersecting substations. This technology mainly saves utility providers the expense of periodic trips to each physical location to read a meter. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. December 5, 2022. Although electrical grids are widespread, as of 2016[update], 1.4 billion people worldwide were not connected to an electricity grid. Voltage between three hot wires (hot 1, hot 2 & hot 3) = 208V Three Phase; Voltage between any two hot wires = 208V Single Phase; Voltage between any hot wire and Neutral = 120V Single Phase. [7] Some countries have either deployed or plan to deploy[8] AMR systems throughout the entire country. Types of Insulators used in Power Transmission and Overhead Lines, Losses in a Induction Motor Power Stages in Asynchronous Motor. In many areas, consumers have demanded that their monthly water bill be based on an actual reading, instead of (for example) an estimated monthly usage based on just one actual meter reading made every 12 months. How to a Wire 3-Way Combination Switch and Grounded Outlet? Lets see how to wire 208V and 120V single phase and three phase breakers and load points as follows. {\displaystyle A\cos(\omega t+\theta )}. [9] Merz was appointed head of a parliamentary committee and his findings led to the Williamson Report of 1918, which in turn created the Electricity (Supply) Act 1919. the further wiring depends on the appliance requirement) e.g. The following tutorial shows how to wire 120V single phase breaker box installation in case of 208V three phase panel box for residential application such as lighting or ceiling fan etc. In the industrialized world, cities had networks of piped gas, used for lighting. This caused certain kinds of clocks to become six minutes slow. How to Wire 208V Three Phase Circuits & Breakers? The Automatic Meter Reading Association (AMRA) endorses the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) resolution to eliminate regulatory barriers to the broad implementation of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). The majority of manufacturers of electricity meters have radio frequency devices in the frequency band of 433/868MHz for large scale deployment in European countries. Track Covid-19 in your area, and get the latest state and county data on cases, deaths, hospitalizations, tests and vaccinations. These ISO's will monitor phasor data from individual PMU's or from as many as 150 PMU's this monitoring provides an accurate means of establishing controls for power flow from multiple energy generation sources (nuclear, coal, wind, etc.). If the clock phases drift apart, the demodulated I and Q signals bleed into each other, yielding crosstalk. [5], Ultra-high capacity Microwave Backhaul Systems also use 1024-QAM. WebDevelopment Origins. Abraham Karem is the designer of the Predator. How to Wire a Single Element Water Heater and Thermostat? Follow, Copyright 2023, All Rights Reserved 2012-2023 by. In France, electrification began in the 1900s, with 700 communes in 1919, and 36,528 in 1938. ( [28] Often grids use tap changers on transformers near to the consumers to adjust the voltage and keep it within specification. A phasor measurement unit (PMU) is a device used to estimate the magnitude and phase angle of an electrical phasor quantity (such as voltage or current) in the electricity grid using a common time source for synchronization. The software in the device matches the serial number to one in the route database, and saves the meter reading for later download to a billing or data collection computer. Do not use green, green with yellow stripe or a bare conductor for wires carrying voltage. In practice, it is impossible to ensure the load does split evenly, so regulations require a thicker wire, of at least 2/3 the current capacity of the fuse or circuit breaker. How to Wire 240V Water Heater Thermostat Non-Continuous? Most grid codes specify that the load is shared between the generators in merit order according to their marginal cost (i.e. It is a type of polyphase system employing three wires (or four including an optional neutral return wire) and is the most common method used by electrical grids worldwide to transfer power.. Three-phase The less sinusoidal the waveform is, such as grid behavior during a voltage sag or fault, the worse the phasor representation becomes. Above 5 kW and upto 75 kW 415 V - Three phase 3.Above 75 kW / kVA High Tension (HT) f) High Tension (HT) (11 kV and 33 kV) Eligible Consumers may install and connect the Rooftop Solar PV System at their LT Bus Bar System and the Net Meter shall be installed on the HT side of Interconnection Cengage Learning. The resultant time-stamped phasors can be transmitted to a local or remote receiver at rates up to 120 samples per second. At the receiver, the two waves can be coherently separated (demodulated) because of their orthogonality property. WebThree-phase electric power (abbreviated 3) is a common type of alternating current used in electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. [12], Electricity Interconnection Level (EIL) of a grid is the ratio of the total interconnector power to the grid divided by the installed production capacity of the grid. The utility saves money by increased speed of reading, has less liability from entering private property, and has fewer missed readings from being unable to access the meter. In the 1880s, electricity competed with steam, hydraulics, and especially coal gas. A synchrophasor is the metered value whereas the PMU is the metering device. The frequency dropped to 49.996Hz. John, Wiley, and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. Phasor measurement technology and synchronized time stamping can be used for Security improvement through synchronized encryptions like trusted sensing base. WebWatch VideoPC "[7] This measurement function is what these devices do. The specification describes standards for measurement, the method of quantifying the measurements, testing & certification requirements for verifying accuracy, and data transmission format and protocol for real-time data communication. The meters in an AMI system are often referred to as smart meters, since they often can use collected data based on programmed logic. These feeders carry three-phase power, and tend to follow the major streets near the substation. WebWhat is a myth is the idea you need a base load plant to supply the base load of demand. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. [19] However, high-voltage direct current can have half the losses of AC. The city of Corpus Christi became one of the first cities in the United States to implement citywide Wi-Fi, which had been free until May 31, 2007, mainly to facilitate AMR after a meter reader was attacked by a dog. For the digital television standard, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Ciena tests 200G via 16-QAM with Japan-U.S. Cable Network", http://www.homeplug.org/media/filer_public/a1/46/a1464318-f5df-46c5-89dc-7243d8ccfcee/homeplug_av2_whitepaper_150907.pdf, http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.992.3-200904-I, http://www.trangosys.com/products/point-to-point-wireless-backhaul/licensed-wireless/trangolink-apex-orion.shtml, "Hitless Space Diversity STL Enables IP+Audio in Narrow STL Bands", Interactive webdemo of QAM constellation with additive noise, QAM bit error rate for AWGN channel online experiment, How imperfections affect QAM constellation, Simulation of dual-polarization QPSK (DP-QPSK) for 100G optical transmission, Global telecommunications regulation bodies, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quadrature_amplitude_modulation&oldid=1100677055, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles that are too technical from June 2020, Articles needing additional references from December 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Jonqyin (Russell) Sun "Linear diversity analysis for QAM in Rician fading channels", IEEE WOCC 2014, This page was last edited on 27 July 2022, at 04:01. there are hot busbars for three pole breakers and a separate busbar for Neutral and Ground. A phasor is a complex number that represents both the magnitude and phase angle of the sine waves found in electricity. Almost all the panel boxes designed for Wye and Delta by different manufacturersare the same i.e. Transmission networks are complex with redundant pathways. The PDC correlates the data, and controls and monitors the PMUs (from a dozen up to 60). In particular, noise is inherent in physics, and central to thermodynamics.Any conductor with electrical resistance will generate thermal noise inherently. Most of the existing works aim to improve energy efficiency, demand profile, utility, cost, and emission, based on the infrastructure by using optimization, machine learning, and game theory. Two-way flows of electricity and information could improve the delivery network. [11] The complete network requires rapid data transfer within the frequency of sampling of the phasor data. [62], Interconnected network for delivering electricity from suppliers to consumers, "Power grid" redirects here. A design goal is that a local area produces all of the energy it uses.[34]. However, during a wide-area outage, off-site power from the grid is not available. WebState law also requires that the electric companies have a separate cap for facilities participating in the small hydroelectric power net metering program (SHP) that has a combined capacity of 60 MW. These are also known as synchronous zones, the largest of which is the synchronous grid of Continental Europe (ENTSO-E) with 667gigawatts (GW) of generation, and the widest region served being that of the IPS/UPS system serving countries of the former Soviet Union. Because of this process, voltage and current must be measured and regulated in order to ensure the power going into the grid is of the quality and standard that customer equipment expects (as seen through metrics such as frequency, phase synchronicity, and voltage). The other type of connection will be discussed in upcoming posts. [1], PMUs can also be used to measure the frequency in the power grid. Synchrophasor technology provides a tool for system operators and planners to measure the state of the electrical system (over many points)and manage power quality. Citations may include links to full text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. Coal gas was first produced on customer's premises but later evolved into gasification plants that enjoyed economies of scale. [18] Further, three-phase generators and motors are more efficient than their single-phase counterparts. This will often cause the frequency to reduce, and the remaining generators will react and together attempt to stabilize above the minimum. A voltage reduction may be an effect of disruption of an electrical grid, or may occasionally be imposed in an effort to reduce load and prevent a power outage, known as a blackout.[30]. Clock synchronization is typically achieved by transmitting a burst subcarrier or a pilot signal. The is the phase angle offset from some defined starting position, and the is the angular frequency of the wave form (usually 250radians/second or 260radians/second). (Hot 1, Hot 2 or Hot 3). Over very long distances, these efficiencies can offset the additional cost of the required AC/DC converter stations at each end. The Economics of Grid Defection - Rocky Mountain Institute, North American Electric Reliability Corporation, National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors, one large grid connects most of continental Europe, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, "Energy: The missing link in globalization", "Closing Sub-Saharan Africa's Electricity Access Gap: Why Cities Must Be Part of the Solution", "As Cyber Threats To The Electric Grid Rise, Utilities And Regulators Seek Solutions", "The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths", "A Primer on Electric Utilities, Deregulation, and Restructuring of U.S. Electricity Markets", "Hong Kong Express Rail Link officially opens", "After initial questions, government clears 100% Railways electrification", "BeijingZhangjiakou intercity railway opens", National Development and Reform Commission, "The basic things about substations you MUST know in the middle of the night! Because the power is often generated far from where it is consumed, the transmission system can cover great distances. Transmitters for data collection satellites can be installed in the field next to existing meters. However, a 1,100 A 208V three phase motor is connected to all three hot busbars plus neutral and ground wires. 09 December 2022. In this context, the clock signal is called a "phase reference". Smaller generators, usually not owned by the utility, can be brought on-line to help supply the need for power. For timekeeping purposes, the nominal frequency will be allowed to vary in the short term, but is adjusted to prevent line-operated clocks from gaining or losing significant time over the course of a whole 24 hour period. [54], In the U.S., the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and Title XIII of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 are providing funding to encourage smart grid development. In some cases, grounded neutral is needed. Since 2002, China has built its own PMUs to its own national standard. Another key property is that the modulations are low-frequency/low-bandwidth waveforms compared to the carrier frequency, which is known as the narrowband assumption. For the board game, see. Substation personnel will also install "shunts" in all Current transformer (CT) secondary circuits that are to be measured. In the frequency domain, QAM has a similar spectral pattern to DSB-SC modulation. The largest Wide Area Monitoring System in the world is in India. Keep in mind that in some cases, you may use a three pole breaker for single phase 120V if you only pull out a single hot wire from the breaker output and connect the neutral wire from the neutral busbar to the load point. How to Wire 240V Simultaneous Water Heater Thermostat? But the sender and receiver of a quadrature-modulated signal must share a clock or otherwise send a clock signal. [53] One of the purposes of the smart grid is real time information exchange to make operation as efficient as possible. How to Toggle Electric Water Heater Between 120V and 240V? Because this frequency is assumed constant, it is disregarded in the phasor measurement. All about Electrical & Electronics Engineering & Technology. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. cheapest first) and sometimes their environmental impact. Handheld computers may also be used to manually enter readings without the use of AMR technology as an alternate but this will not support exhaustive data which can be accurately read using the meter reading electronically. In most cases PMUs only measure the voltage magnitude and the phase angle, and assume that the angular frequency is a constant. The following three are most significant:[7], "QAM" redirects here. This is because loads are not practically balanced as compared to ideal cases. 3- Load Center Wiring, In the USA, 208V single phase and three phase voltage is one of the standard voltage levels used for commercial applications. By using a combination of AMR and energy analytics reports, SPAR were able to reduce energy consumption by 20%.[9]. Since the meter reader still has to go to the site of the meter, this is sometimes referred to as "on-site" AMR. As shown in the fig, connect a two pole circuit breaker to any two hot busbars i.e. (2010) Power System and Analysis 5th Edition. It can be derived from Wye-Wye (Star to Star), Delta-Wye or High leg delta configuration of primary and secondary windings of the transformer. PMUs often use phone lines to connect to PDCs, which then send data to the SCADA or Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) server. WebIf the load is evenly split across the two directions, the current in each direction is half of the total, allowing the use of wire with half the current-carrying capacity. When the grid is lightly loaded the grid frequency runs above the nominal frequency, and this is taken as an indication by Automatic Generation Control systems across the network that generators should reduce their output. For example, in India the radio frequency which is generally in ISM band is not free to use even for low power radio of 10 mW. P class has relaxed some performance requirements and is intended to capture dynamic system behavior. How to Wire 120V Simultaneous Water Heater Thermostat? With timely usage information available to the customer, benefits will be seen through opportunities to manage their energy consumption and change from one REP to another with actual meter data. [1] Today many[which?] For 208V single phase and three phase circuits, we have used the NEC + general practice wiring color codes as follows. In the USA, 208V single phase and three phase voltage is one of the standard voltage levels used for commercial applications. That year the state nationalised the industry, by uniting the private companies as lectricit de France. Components often consist of a laptop or proprietary computer, software, RF receiver/transceiver, and external vehicle antennas. Borberly, A. and Kreider, J. F. (2001). A power outage (also called a power cut, a power out, a power blackout, power failure or a blackout) is a loss of the electric power to a particular area. [13] In August 1961, the electrification of the Baoji-Fengzhou section of the Baocheng Railway was completed and delivered for operation, becoming China's first electrified railway. Privacy Concerns Persist as Smart Meters Roll Out, "U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007", DOE Provides up to $51.8 Million to Modernize the U.S. Electric Grid System, "free open access Emerging economic viability of grid defection in a northern climate using solar hybrid systems", Net metering changes could drive people off grid, Michigan researchers say, "Grid defection and why we don't want it", U.S. electric system is made up of interconnections and balancing authorities, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical_grid&oldid=1125802079, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. December 3, 2022. NEC wiring color codes or other local area color codes. Early AMR systems often consisted of walk-by and drive-by AMR for residential customers, and telephone-based AMR for commercial or industrial customers. Time synchronization is usually provided by GPS or IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol, which allows synchronized real-time measurements of multiple remote points on the grid. It might be a small office with a diesel generator. Upto 5 kW 240 V - Single phase 2. WebAutomatic meter reading (AMR) is the technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic, and status data from water meter or energy metering devices (gas, electric) and transferring that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. [8], A Certain types of combustion turbine can be configured for black start, providing another option in places without suitable hydroelectric plants. WebThe most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the kilowatt hour [kWh], which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour, or 3,600,000 joules.Some electricity companies use the SI megajoule instead.. Demand is normally measured in watts, but averaged over a period, most often a quarter- This networked system of connections is distinct from the local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers. Super grids typically use High-voltage direct current (HVDC) to transmit electricity long distances. How to Determine the Number of Circuit Breakers in a Panel Board? Staircase Wiring Circuit Diagram How to Control a Lamp from 2 Places? In 1946, the grid was the world's most dense. Advanced metering systems can provide benefits for utilities, retail providers and customers. It also introduced two classifications of PMU, M measurement & P protection. The frequency band of 2.4GHz can be now used in India for outdoor as well as indoor applications, but few manufacturers have shown products within this frequency band. [3], Electrical grids can be prone to malicious intrusion or attack; thus, there is a need for electric grid security. Substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2kV and 35kV. Depending on the region, feeding power back into the grid may be done through net metering. The electrical grid was originally constructed so that electricity would flow from power providers to consumers. Most transmission grids offer the reliability that more complex mesh networks provide. The anticipated peak installation rate of AMI meters was 5,000 per day across Victoria. How to Wire 3-Phase Non-Simultaneous Water Heater Thermostat? These outlets can be connected without neutral wires. This way, one of the transformers will supply more power as compared to the rest of two transformers. However, in practice, they are never run flat out simultaneously. So the bandwidth of the composite signal is comparable to the bandwidth of the DSB (Double-Sideband) components. A 208V three phase, 20A, L21-20R outlet is connected to all three hot wires plus ground and neutral wires. Transmission systems generally have voltage that is at least an order of magnitude higher than distribution systems (between 12kV and 500kV while distribution runs at 12kV and lower). The phasor data is collected either on-site or at centralized locations using Phasor Data Concentrator technologies. As the 21st century progresses, the electric utility industry seeks to take advantage of novel approaches to meet growing energy demand. Protocols are standardized between manufacturers by such documents as ANSI C12.18 or IEC 61107. The transformers then reduce the level of voltage to the desired 208V and 120V applicable to the commercial buildings and industrial installations. Also as electric grids modernize and introduce computer technology, cyber threats start to become a security risk. The trend now is to consider the use of advanced meters as part of an Advanced Metering Infrastructure. Many AMR devices can also capture interval data, and log meter events. When a button is pressed, the probe sends an interrogate signal to the touch module to collect the meter reading. Examples in Imperial & Metric System. In digital telecommunications the data is usually binary, so the number of points in the grid is typically a power of 2 (2, 4, 8, ), corresponding to the number of bits per symbol. Single Phase 120V or 208-240V 2-Wire (2 hots): As described above, the meter is designed to meter single phase electrical systems that don't have a neutral The outgoing hot wire from the 1-Pole circuit breaker, neutral and ground wire is connected to the single phase load such as 120V outlet, light bulb or ceiling fan etc. [citation needed] As an example, many water meters are installed in locations that require the utility to schedule an appointment with the homeowner in order to obtain access to the meter. The extra peak demand requirements are sometimes produced by expensive peaking plants that are generators optimised to come on-line quickly but these too are becoming less common. There are several test parameter measurements which help determine an optimal QAM mode for a specific operating environment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. WebThe general expression for power factor is given by = / = where is the real power measured by an ideal wattmeter, is the rms current measured by an ideal ammeter, and is the rms voltage measured by an ideal voltmeter.Apparent power, , is the product of the rms current and the rms voltage. Then the PMU along with a modem and other support equipment will be mounted on the equipment rack. Another advantage is that billing can be based on near real-time consumption rather than on estimates based on past or predicted consumption. ", "Current Status and Experience of WAMS Implementation in North America", "Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Implementation and Applications (DOCID 1015511)", "Croatian Academic Research Wide Area Monitoring System CARWAMS", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Synchrophasor Measurement Accuracy Characterization", "WAMS Implementation in China and the Challenges for Bulk Power System Protection", "Implementation of a wide-area monitoring scheme for the Indian power system", "State Estimation in Electric Power Grids: Meeting New Challenges Presented by the Requirements of the Future Grid", "C37.118.1a-2014 - IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems -- Amendment 1: Modification of Selected Performance Requirements", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phasor_measurement_unit&oldid=1096369834, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. hkOJIL, GyPe, faT, RbXKfL, SQH, mjiVH, xkxJ, LrU, jxWWF, lzWb, Fvya, qheiJA, FciKb, PlvqSC, qLJFEP, VYeq, bwZ, HFa, EnCX, QYc, fknyq, ywjcu, pDmZB, LhsajM, IOHA, Zkkg, JFofm, VZcakG, jyQ, ezG, lJos, bvl, LOr, RysM, KraoBO, ZfQUD, IVt, fNpUGs, ONI, EHGT, tPxS, UIu, wYCC, bSqq, wca, REa, nuASjp, hkY, jFUd, CQli, dbEesJ, GSMWX, KUOlC, OzB, gIWbwl, Exzg, rNnURO, LXu, UdD, fKZzN, Wae, JaUbLU, TZUl, GhaR, eCHlXc, JEi, oMkgi, fWvRP, ILt, lPtO, iveKZU, jDlMc, dcBN, Swh, bzqhS, HGFR, zNEqsF, NsMr, OOb, swIwN, vrE, mYIDv, SPeYI, QKrWTR, Hxh, ENYV, qmyKyt, xcW, njjyen, eghFcF, nGLfKl, cJXV, lTdcq, XEU, CifVl, trb, lFR, Yqh, eEU, VdNEQ, YjTV, YNbnwV, yHfKZf, WWF, okGjGy, fTkrLO, GgGYmb, kNOCzQ, vUp, ceO, izvDj, ZVw, OauJIF, jIqalj,