No intermediate appellate court : Maryland : Maryland Court of Appeals (supreme court) Md. Thereafter, retention of any judge who is retained in office pursuant to the preceding provisions of this subsection shall be pursuant to Section 41D of this Article. (a) A vacancy in the office of a judge of an appellate court, whether occasioned by the death, resignation, removal, retirement, disqualification by reason of age, or rejection by the voters of an incumbent, the creation of the office of a judge, or otherwise, shall be filled as provided in this section. Five of the judges shall constitute a quorum, and five judges shall sit in each case unless the Court shall direct that an additional judge or judges sit for any case. 21A. SEC. Search the Manual SEC. (1) warrants of arrest, or bail or collateral or other terms of pre-trial release pending hearing; and Staff Attorneys assist the Court in reviewing certain appeals and applications for leave to appeal. 20. Repealed and a new section enacted by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). His continuance in office is then subject to the provisions of section 5A (c) and (d) of this article, applicable to judges of that court, but in no event shall any judge continue in office after his seventieth birthday. A judge appointed by the Governor may take office upon qualification and before confirmation by the Senate, but shall cease to hold office at the close of the regular annual session of the General Assembly next following his appointment or during which he shall have been appointed by the Governor, if the Senate shall not have confirmed his appointment before then. Hours of Operation: 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. 41G. 2841, September Term, 2004 (filed August 8, 2006), slip op. SEC. The number of judges shall be allocated among the districts by law, and there shall be at least one District Court judge resident in each district. Each full-time judge of the People's Court of Baltimore City, the Municipal Court of Baltimore City, and of the People's Courts of Anne Arundel, Montgomery, Prince George's, Wicomico Counties and Baltimore County who is in office on the effective date of these amendments shall continue in office as a judge of the District Court in his district and county of residence (or in Baltimore City) for the remainder of the term for which he was elected or appointed, and if his term expires prior to January 1, 1971, such judge shall be re-appointed by the Governor, if the Senate consents, in accordance with the provisions of Section 41D of this Article, subject to the Provisions of the Constitution respecting age, removal and retirement; provided that the term of any such judge of a People's Court who would be ineligible for appointment as a judge of the District Court under this Article shall expire on the effective date of these amendments. SEC. March 2019 Schedule SEC. (a) There shall be a Circuit Court for each County and for Baltimore City. SEC. SEC. SEC. (e) The terms of the circuit courts shall be determined by law. 23. if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; .courts-container { background-color:#fcfcfc; width:100%; border:1px solid black;padding:5px;text-align:center;clear:both; } SEC. Vacant (amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. If you are reviewing an unreported opinion, be aware that there are rules about whether you can rely on that opinion. In case of vacancy by death, resignation, refusal to serve, or neglect to qualify or give bond, or by disqualification or removal from the County or City, the Governor shall appoint a person to be Sheriff for the remainder of the official term. An Indeterminate score indicates that there is either not enough information about the justices partisan affiliations or that our research found conflicting partisan affiliations. SEC. To the extent inconsistent herewith, the provisions of Section 3 and 5 of this Article shall not apply to judges of the District Court (added by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). 41B. 41H. Maryland Municipalities Performance & security by Cloudflare. SEC. Vacant (amended by Chapter 99, Acts of 1956, ratified Nov. 6, 1956; Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. (c) The qualified voters of Prince George's County shall elect three Judges of the Orphans' Court for Prince George's County who shall be citizens of the State and residents, for the twelve months preceding, in Prince George's County and who have been admitted to practice law in this State and are members in good standing of the Maryland Bar (added by Chapter 394, Acts of 2011, ratified Nov. 6, 2012). SEC. SEC. 4A. Vacant (amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. October 2012 schedule The Court also has a Staff Attorneys Office. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to prescribe by law a fixed compensation for all such officers (added by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). 41E. NOTE: April 2018 Schedule There shall be elected in each county and in Baltimore City one person, resident in said county or City, above the age of twenty-five years and for at least five years preceding his election a citizen of the State, to the office of Sheriff. Repealed by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). PLEASE NOTE: The site may contain material from other sources which may be under copyright. 34. Deputy clerks and other employees of the office of the Clerk shall be appointed and removed according to procedures set by law (amended by Chapter 376, Acts of 1972, ratified Nov. 7, 1972; Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974; Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980; Chapter 62, Acts of 1990, ratified Nov. 6, 1990). The District Court shall have the original jurisdiction prescribed by law. 20. 22. In total, the study found that there were 15 states with Democrat-controlled courts, 27 states with Republican-controlled courts, and eight states with Split courts. October 2016 Schedule Court of Appeals Robert C. Murphy Courts of Appeal Building. The salary of each Judge of the Court of Appeals shall be that now or hereafter prescribed by the General Assembly and shall not be diminished during his continuance in office. Vacant (amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. (d) Except as otherwise provided by law, one judge shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of any business. Courts closest to zero either had justices with conflicting partisanship or justices with Indeterminate Confidence Scores.[9]. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. The District Court shall have the original jurisdiction prescribed by law. SEC. 41E. SEC. The decision of the said Court in banc shall be the effective decision in the premises, and conclusive, as against the party at whose motion said points, or questions were reserved; but such decision in banc shall not preclude the right of Appeal by an adverse party who did not seek in banc review, in those cases, civil or criminal, in which appeal to the Court of Special Appeals may be allowed by Law. Part VI - District Court. SEC. Part VII - Sheriffs. e-mail: mdmanual@maryland.gov. (b) Commissioners may exercise power only with respect to and only as prescribed by law or rule as to: All appeals filed in the Court of Special Appeals are governed by Title 8 and Title 20, pertaining to electronic filing over MDEC, of the Maryland Rules. Let us know by emailing us. SEC. 329 (1966). 23. SEC. In any district containing more than one county, there shall be at least one District Court judge resident in each county in the district. SEC. In case of vacancy by death, resignation, refusal to serve, or neglect to qualify or give bond, or by disqualification or removal from the County or City, the Governor shall appoint a person to be Sheriff for the remainder of the official term. The Constitution of 1864 created five judicial districts. e-mail: mdmanual@maryland.gov. Vacant (amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. (g) In case of a vacancy in the office of Judge of the Orphans' Court, the Governor shall appoint, subject to confirmation or rejection by the Senate, some suitable person to fill the vacancy for the residue of the term (amended by Chapters 99 and 124, Acts of 1956, ratified Nov. 6, 1956; Chapter 744, Acts of 1963, ratified Nov. 3, 1964; Chapter 374, Acts of 1972, ratified Nov. 7, 1972; Chapter 681, Acts of 1977, ratified Nov. 7, 1978; Chapter 481, Acts of 2010, ratified Nov. 2, 2010). 232 (1980). (f) Each of the Judges shall be paid such compensation as may be regulated by Law, to be paid by the City or Counties, respectively. MDCA - Mutual Defense Cooperation Agreement. SEC. 41C. (b) The judges of the Circuit Courts for Montgomery and Harford counties shall each, alternately and in rotation and on schedules to be established by those judges, sit as an Orphans' Court for their County, and shall have and exercise all the power, authority and jurisdiction which the present Orphans' Courts now have and exercise, or which may hereafter be provided by law (amended by Chapter 744, Acts of 1963, ratified Nov. 3, 1964; Chapter 374, Acts of 1972, ratified Nov. 7, 1972; Chapter 681, Acts of 1977, ratified Nov. 7, 1978; Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). SEC. (e) The terms of the circuit courts shall be determined by law. 41E. SEC. Search the Manual Repealed by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). SEC. If the ten year term of a judge shall expire before that judge shall have attained the age of seventy years, that judge shall be reappointed by the Governor, with the Senate's consent, for another ten year term or until he shall have attained the age of seventy years, whichever may first occur. Maryland Manual On-Line (5) Any judge assigned by the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals pursuant to this section has all the power and authority pertaining to a judge of the court to which the judge is so assigned; and the judge's power and authority shall continue with respect to all cases (including any motion, or other matters incidental thereto) which may come before the judge by virtue of such assignment until the judge's action thereon shall be completed. The chief clerk shall perform such duties in the administration of the District Court as may be assigned him by the chief judge or as may be prescribed by rule or by law. When this material is used, in whole or in part, proper citation and credit must be attributed to the Maryland State Archives. Jurisdiction of the District Court shall be uniform throughout the State; except that in Montgomery County and other counties and the City of Baltimore, the Court may have such jurisdiction over juvenile causes as is provided by law (referring to the People's Courts, this section originally was added by Chapter 163, Acts of 1939, ratified Nov. 5, 1940, and amended by Chapter 575, Acts of 1959, ratified Nov. 8, 1960. The court to which the record of proceedings in such suit or action, issue, presentment or indictment is transmitted, shall hear and determine that cause or case in the same manner as if it had been originally instituted in that court. Repealed by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). All hearings, deliberations, and debate on the confirmation of appointees of the Governor shall be public, and no hearings, deliberations or debate thereon shall be conducted by the Senate or any committee or subcommittee thereof in secret or executive session. (2) Commissioners in a district shall be appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the Administrative Judge of the district, subject to the approval of the Chief Judge of the District Court. Look up a Maryland Court of Appeals case in either the Atlantic Reporter or the Maryland Reports. Maryland Executive Commissions, Committees, Task Forces, & Advisory Boards A judge appointed by the Governor may take office upon qualification and before confirmation by the Senate, but shall cease to hold office at the close of the regular annual session of the General Assembly next following his appointment or during which he shall have been appointed by the Governor, if the Senate shall not have confirmed his appointment before then. SEC. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to prescribe by law a fixed compensation for all such officers (added by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). (a) The provisions of Section 41D of this Article shall govern initial vacancies in the office of judge of the District Court. SEC. Notaries Public may be appointed for each county and the city of Baltimore, in the manner, for the purpose, and with the powers now fixed, or which may hereafter be prescribed by Law (amended by Chapter 681, Acts of 1977, ratified Nov. 7, 1978). Vacant (amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. SEC. 42. SEC. 41F. 29. October 2017 Schedule (c) This section is alternative to, and cumulative with, the methods of retirement and removal provided in Sections 3 and 4 of this Article, and in Section 26 of Article III of this Constitution (amended by Chapter 773, Acts of 1965, ratified Nov. 8, 1966; Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970; Chapter 886, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974; Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980; Chapter 113, Acts of 1995, ratified Nov. 5, 1996). The term of one Maryland Court of Appeals justice will expire on December 31, 2022. In case of vacancy by death, resignation, refusal to serve, or neglect to qualify or give bond, or by disqualification or removal from the County or City, the Governor shall appoint a person to be Sheriff for the remainder of the official term. (b) The qualified voters of the City of Baltimore shall elect three Judges of the Orphans' Court for Baltimore City who shall be citizens of the State and residents, for the twelve months preceding, in Baltimore City and who have been admitted to practice law in this State and are members in good standing of the Maryland Bar. SEC. Functional divisions of the District Court may be established in any district (added by Chapter 163, Acts of 1939, ratified Nov. 5, 1940. The term of the Court begins the second Monday of September. App. The taking effect of the aforegoing amendments shall not of itself affect the tenure, term, status, retirement, or compensation of any person then holding public office, position, or employment in this State, except as provided in the amendments. There shall be a Register of Wills in each county of the State, and the City of Baltimore, to be elected by the legal and qualified voters of said counties and city, respectively, who shall hold his office for four years from the time of his election and until his successor is elected and qualified; he shall be re-eligible, and subject at all times to removal for willful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor in office in the same manner that the Clerks of the Courts are removable. March 2017 Schedule 41H. Maryland Municipalities Jonathan Biran All communications with the Court should come through the Clerks Office. The District Court shall have the original jurisdiction prescribed by law. Each District Court judge shall devote full time to his judicial duties, shall have the qualifications prescribed by Section 2 of this Article, and shall be a resident of the district in which he holds office. The Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals shall designate one judge of the District Court as Chief Judge of that Court, to serve as Chief Judge at his pleasure. These cases were consolidated on appeal. Amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. 41G. Its session or sessions shall continue not less than ten months in each year, if the business before it shall so require, and it shall be competent for the judges temporarily to transfer their sittings elsewhere upon sufficient cause. February 2020 Schedule .courts-header { font-size:150%;background-color:#334aab;color:white;} (g) A member of the General Assembly who is otherwise qualified for appointment to judicial office is not disqualified by reason of his membership in a General Assembly which proposed or enacted any constitutional amendment or statute affecting the method of selection. SEC. But there are many exceptions, including the following: Court name abbreviations (Table 7, full list) The following alphabetical list provides abbreviations for court names to be used in cases according to rule 10.4.: The other judges shall be associate judges. SEC. Maryland Counties Annotated Code of Maryland having been approved on April 7, 2010, by the Court of Appeals of Maryland pursuant to 8-203 of the Courts Article; and WHEREAS, the Circuit Court for Calvert County proposes to change its jury plan pursuant to 8-203 to include Calvert C.A.R.E.S., a 501(c)(3) corporation formed to provide funding to its Maryland Manual On-Line 31. (f) An appellate court judge shall retire when he attains his seventieth birthday. The Clerk of the Court of Special Appeals is responsible for receiving and keeping all papers filed with the Court, including briefs, motions, and the trial court records. 41A. The District Court shall have the original jurisdiction prescribed by law. Maryland Constitutional Offices & Agencies Maryland had a Court Balance Score of -0.71, indicating Split control of the court. Terms of Use/Disclaimer, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Division, Civil Appeal Prehearing Information Report (PDF), Report Fraud, Waste and Abuse to the Office of Legislative Audit Fraud Hotline, Government Relations and Public Affairs Division. (4) When any member ceases to be a resident of the State. e-mail: mdmanual@maryland.gov. (d) No member of the General Assembly at which these amendments were proposed, or at which the number of or salary of any such judges may have been increased or decreased by the General Assembly from time to time, if otherwise qualified, is ineligible for appointment or election as a judge of the District Court by reason of his membership in the General Assembly (added by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970; amended by Chapter 681, Acts of 1977, ratified Nov. 7, 1978. Circuit judges have six-year terms while associate circuit judges have four . Repealed by Chapter 617, Acts of 1968, ratified Nov. 5, 1968). Thereafter, retention of any judge who is retained in office pursuant to the preceding provisions of this subsection shall be pursuant to Section 41D of this Article. The Judge, or Judges of any Court, may appoint such officers for their respective Courts as may be found necessary. SEC. Part IV - Courts of Baltimore City. Maryland Circuit Courts The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint each judge of the District Court whenever for any reason a vacancy shall exist in the office. March 2022 Schedule 14B. Vacant (repealed by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). (e) The Judges shall have all the powers now vested in the Orphans' Courts of the State, subject to such changes as the Legislature may prescribe. The Chief Judge of the District Court, upon recommendation of the respective administrative judges, shall appoint such deputy clerks, constables, and other officers of the District Court as may be necessary. SEC. His continuance in office is then subject to the provisions of section 5A (c) and (d) of this article, applicable to judges of that court, but in no event shall any judge continue in office after his seventieth birthday (added by Chapter 551, Acts of 1975, ratified Nov. 2, 1976). 41G. SEC. Cases Pending Before The Court of Appeals | Maryland Courts 361 Rowe Boulevard Annapolis, MD 21401 Email: COAClerkoftheCourt@mdcourts.gov Hours of Operation: 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Gregory Hilton, Clerk Court of Appeals Robert C. Murphy Courts of Appeal Building Cases Pending Before The Court of Appeals (d) The qualified voters of Baltimore County shall elect three Judges of the Orphans' Court for Baltimore County who shall be citizens of the State and residents, for the twelve months preceding, in Baltimore County and who have been admitted to practice law in this State and are members in good standing of the Maryland Bar (added by Chapter 146, Acts of 2012, ratified Nov. 6, 2012). (b) Upon the occurrence of a vacancy the Governor shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, a person duly qualified to fill said office who shall hold the same until the election for continuance in office as provided in subsections (c) and (d). SEC. Repealed by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). Therefore, the Confidence Score on the court is Mild Republican. Each district shall consist of one county or two or more entire and adjoining counties. SEC. The change occurring on December 14, 2022, is a change in name only. May 2013 schedule When you have a court case that makes it to the federal court level, the first courts it will go through are the district courts. February 2023 Schedule Maryland Counties (2) issuance of civil interim peace orders and civil interim protective orders within the jurisdiction of the District Court when the Office of the Clerk of the District Court is not open (added by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970; amended by Chapter 587, Acts of 2002, ratified Nov. 5, 2002). Repealed by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). The Court of Appeals of Maryland is the highest court of the U.S. state of Maryland. The decision of the said Court in banc shall be the effective decision in the premises, and conclusive, as against the party at whose motion said points, or questions were reserved; but such decision in banc shall not preclude the right of Appeal by an adverse party who did not seek in banc review, in those cases, civil or criminal, in which appeal to the Court of Special Appeals may be allowed by Law. Repealed by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). Repealed by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). October 2013 schedule SEC. Vacant (amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. (a)(1) There shall be district court commissioners in the number and with the qualifications and compensation prescribed by law. SEC. The map below shows the court balance score of each state. Search the Manual Deputy clerks and other employees of the office of the Clerk shall be appointed and removed according to procedures set by law (amended by Chapter 376, Acts of 1972, ratified Nov. 7, 1972; Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974; Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980; Chapter 62, Acts of 1990, ratified Nov. 6, 1990). Opinions that are unreported are binding only on the parties to that appeal. In 1801, the court was reduced to three judges. SEC. SEC. 31A. November 2016 Schedule Maryland has a divided government where neither party holds a trifecta. Part VII - Sheriffs. The Court of Appeals shall be composed of seven judges, one from the First Appellate Judicial Circuit consisting of Caroline, Cecil, Dorchester, Kent, Queen Anne's, Somerset, Talbot, Wicomico, and Worcester counties; one from the Second Appellate Judicial Circuit consisting of Baltimore and Harford counties; one from the Third Appellate Judicial Circuit, consisting of Allegany, Carroll, Frederick, Garrett, Howard and Washington counties; one from the Fourth Appellate Judicial Circuit, consisting of Prince George's County; one from the Fifth Appellate Judicial Circuit, consisting of Anne Arundel, Calvert, Charles, and St. Mary's counties; one from the Sixth Appellate Judicial Circuit, consisting of Baltimore City; and one from the Seventh Appellate Judicial Circuit, consisting of Montgomery County. 33. 41. It was repealed and a new section concerning the District Court was enacted by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970, and amended by Chapter 544, Acts of 1976, ratified Nov. 2, 1976). The Courts Alternative Dispute Resolution Division reviews most civil appeals and selects those that are good candidates for possible resolution through mediation. SEC. FRANKLIN DELANO BOULDIN v. STATE OF MARYLAND. 31. 41E. He shall also appoint, to serve at his pleasure, and upon the recommendation of the administrative judge of the district, a chief administrative clerk for each district. There shall be a Register of Wills in each county of the State, and the City of Baltimore, to be elected by the legal and qualified voters of said counties and city, respectively, who shall hold his office for four years from the time of his election and until his successor is elected and qualified; he shall be re-eligible, and subject at all times to removal for willful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor in office in the same manner that the Clerks of the Courts are removable. SEC. Repealed and a new section enacted by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). SEC. (c) The qualified voters of Prince George's County shall elect three Judges of the Orphans' Court for Prince George's County who shall be citizens of the State and residents, for the twelve months preceding, in Prince George's County and who have been admitted to practice law in this State and are members in good standing of the Maryland Bar (added by Chapter 394, Acts of 2011, ratified Nov. 6, 2012). SEC. The number of judges for any district may be increased or decreased by the General Assembly from time to time, subject to the requirements of Section 41B of this Article, and any vacancy so created shall be filled as provided in Section 41D of this Article (added by Chapter 373, Acts of 1959, ratified Nov. 8, 1960. SEC. The terms of two Maryland Court of Appeals justices expired on December 31, 2020. SEC. SEC. SEC. 12. (ii) a retired judge of the Circuit Court for Harford County that sits as the Orphans' Court for Harford County may be assigned by the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, upon approval of a majority of the Court of Appeals, to do an act that a judge of the Orphans' Court for Harford County is authorized to perform. 41-I. Repealed and a new section enacted by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). (a) There shall be a Circuit Court for each County and for Baltimore City. Vacant (repealed by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). For the cases selected, the Division then uses highly trained mediators to facilitate the parties resolution of their disputes. Vacant (amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. Ballotpedia Courts: Determiners and Dissenters (2021), Ballotpedia Courts: State Partisanship (2020), Bonica and Woodruff campaign finance scores (2012), Party control of Maryland state government. Shirley Marie Watts Part V - Orphans' Court. SEC. Court of Appeals Abbreviations - Bluebook Quick Reference: Abbreviations and How-tos - LibGuides at University of Akron Bluebook Quick Reference: Abbreviations and How-tos Information This list only includes abbreviations for states' Court of Appeals. In case of a vacancy in the office of Clerk of a Circuit Court, the Judges of that Court may fill the vacancy until the general election for Delegates to the General Assembly, to be held next thereafter, when a successor shall be elected for the term of four years (amended by Chapter 99, Acts of 1956, ratified Nov. 6, 1956; Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). It was repealed and a new section concerning the District Court was enacted by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970, and amended by Chapter 544, Acts of 1976, ratified Nov. 2, 1976). All fees collected by the Sheriff shall be accounted for and paid to the Treasury of the several counties and of Baltimore City, respectively (amended by Chapter 845, Acts of 1914, ratified Nov. 3, 1914; Chapter 786, Acts of 1945, ratified Nov. 5, 1946; Chapter 55, Acts of 1953, ratified Nov. 2, 1954; Chapter 681, Acts of 1977, ratified Nov. 7, 1978). Part VII - Sheriffs. 25. 41A. Each district shall consist of one county or two or more entire and adjoining counties. Judges may serve until age 70. There shall be elected in each county and in Baltimore City one person, resident in said county or City, above the age of twenty-five years and for at least five years preceding his election a citizen of the State, to the office of Sheriff. Maryland Constitutional Offices & Agencies Repealed by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). In any district containing more than one county, there shall be at least one District Court judge resident in each county in the district. February 2021 Schedule SEC. The other judges shall be associate judges. The District Court shall have the original jurisdiction prescribed by law. Vacant (amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. All fees, commissions, or other revenues established by Law for these offices shall be State revenues, unless provided otherwise by the General Assembly (amended by Chapter 722, Acts of 1986, ratified Nov. 4, 1986; Chapter 62, Acts of 1990, ratified Nov. 6, 1990). SEC. (3) Five members shall represent the public, who may not be active or retired judges, who are not admitted to practice law in this State, and who may not have a financial relationship with or receive compensation from a judge or a person admitted to practice law in this State. 43. In case of vacancy by death, resignation, refusal to serve, or neglect to qualify or give bond, or by disqualification or removal from the County or City, the Governor shall appoint a person to be Sheriff for the remainder of the official term. 10 in re: s.f. Dec 2, 2022. SEC. The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint each judge of the District Court whenever for any reason a vacancy shall exist in the office. May 2015 Schedule As of December 11, 2022, there are 10 states that use this selection method. (b) The provisions of this section apply, not withstanding provisions appearing elsewhere in this Article pertaining to retirement of judges upon attaining age 70 (added by Chapter 546, Acts of 1976, ratified Nov. 2, 1976. The District Court shall consist of the number of judges prescribed by law. The term of one Maryland Court of Appeals justice will expire on December 31, 2022. Vacant (amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. If the ten year term of a judge shall expire before that judge shall have attained the age of seventy years, that judge shall be reappointed by the Governor, with the Senate's consent, for another ten year term or until he shall have attained the age of seventy years, whichever may first occur. That same confusion persists among Marylanders." The Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals shall designate one judge of the District Court as Chief Judge of that Court, to serve as Chief Judge at his pleasure. November 2014 Schedule Maryland Manual On-Line Dec. 2, 2022) Copy . 700, Part IIA - Interim Provisions. There shall be a Register of Wills in each county of the State, and the City of Baltimore, to be elected by the legal and qualified voters of said counties and city, respectively, who shall hold his office for four years from the time of his election and until his successor is elected and qualified; he shall be re-eligible, and subject at all times to removal for willful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor in office in the same manner that the Clerks of the Courts are removable. The Court of Appeals has exclusive jurisdiction over cases involving legislative redistricting, issues concerning the removal of elected officials, and certification of questions of law. Maryland Constitutional Offices & Agencies Vacant (added by Chapter 116, Acts of 1924, ratified Nov. 2, 1926. 45. All of the judges are appointed by the Governor, confirmed by the Maryland Senate, and then must stand for a retention election by the voters every ten years. If the amendments to sections 3 and 21 of Article IV proposed by House Bill 972, Senate Bill 390 (1976), and the amendments to those sections proposed by House Bill 1048 (1976) are ratified by the voters at the election in Nov. 1976, the amendments to those sections proposed in House Bill 972, Senate Bill 390 (1976) shall take effect (added by Chapter 542, Acts of 1976, ratified Nov. 2, 1976). may, in case of a vacancy, or of the illness, disqualification or other absence of a judge or for the purpose of relieving an accumulation of business in any court assign any judge except a judge of the Orphans' Court to sit temporarily in any court except an Orphans' Court. + Member in good standing with the Georgia Bar and admitted to practice in the Superior Courts of Georgia, The Court of Appeals for the State of Georgia and the Georgia Supreme Court, and other courts as necessary. 41D. October 2018 Schedule The study presented Confidence Scores that represented our confidence in each justice's degree of partisan affiliation, based on a variety of factors. To the extent inconsistent herewith, the provisions of Section 3 and 5 of this Article shall not apply to judges of the District Court (added by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). SEC. Maryland Manual On-Line The Court Balance Score is calculated by finding the average partisan Confidence Score of all justices on a state supreme court. 1488, September Term, 2021 please visit our highlighted cases page. Repealed by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). (a) The provisions of Section 41D of this Article shall govern initial vacancies in the office of judge of the District Court. The Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals shall designate one judge of the District Court as Chief Judge of that Court, to serve as Chief Judge at his pleasure. Each full-time judge of the People's Court of Baltimore City, the Municipal Court of Baltimore City, and of the People's Courts of Anne Arundel, Montgomery, Prince George's, Wicomico Counties and Baltimore County who is in office on the effective date of these amendments shall continue in office as a judge of the District Court in his district and county of residence (or in Baltimore City) for the remainder of the term for which he was elected or appointed, and if his term expires prior to January 1, 1971, such judge shall be re-appointed by the Governor, if the Senate consents, in accordance with the provisions of Section 41D of this Article, subject to the Provisions of the Constitution respecting age, removal and retirement; provided that the term of any such judge of a People's Court who would be ineligible for appointment as a judge of the District Court under this Article shall expire on the effective date of these amendments. Massachusetts : Massachusetts Supreme Judicial . 44. Aug 2022 - Present5 months. Vacant (amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. 16. September 2018 Schedule, June 2018 Schedule Maryland Executive Commissions, Committees, Task Forces, & Advisory Boards Repealed and a new section enacted by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). If retained, a judge wins a full ten-year term. [4][5], After serving for one year, judges must stand for retention in the next general election if they wish to remain on the court. The Judges of the respective Circuit Courts of this State shall render their decisions, in all cases argued before them, or submitted for their judgment, within two months after the same shall have been so argued or submitted (amended by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). Each full-time judge of the People's Court of Baltimore City, the Municipal Court of Baltimore City, and of the People's Courts of Anne Arundel, Montgomery, Prince George's, Wicomico Counties and Baltimore County who is in office on the effective date of these amendments shall continue in office as a judge of the District Court in his district and county of residence (or in Baltimore City) for the remainder of the term for which he was elected or appointed, and if his term expires prior to January 1, 1971, such judge shall be re-appointed by the Governor, if the Senate consents, in accordance with the provisions of Section 41D of this Article, subject to the Provisions of the Constitution respecting age, removal and retirement; provided that the term of any such judge of a People's Court who would be ineligible for appointment as a judge of the District Court under this Article shall expire on the effective date of these amendments. The District Court shall have the original jurisdiction prescribed by law. Confirmation by the Senate shall be made upon a majority vote of all members of the Senate. Each district shall consist of one county or two or more entire and adjoining counties. 22. District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia. September 2017 Schedule, July 2017 Schedule 30. (5) The Court of Appeals shall prescribe by rule the means to implement and enforce the powers of the Commission and the practice and procedure before the Commission. (e) The Judges shall have all the powers now vested in the Orphans' Courts of the State, subject to such changes as the Legislature may prescribe. (a) The qualified voters of the several Counties, except Montgomery County and Harford County, shall elect three Judges of the Orphans' Courts of Counties who shall be citizens of the State and residents, for the twelve months preceding, in the County for which they may be elected. The other judges shall be associate judges. The Judges of the respective Circuit Courts of this State shall render their decisions, in all cases argued before them, or submitted for their judgment, within two months after the same shall have been so argued or submitted (amended by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). Deputy clerks and other employees of the office of the Clerk shall be appointed and removed according to procedures set by law (amended by Chapter 376, Acts of 1972, ratified Nov. 7, 1972; Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974; Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980; Chapter 62, Acts of 1990, ratified Nov. 6, 1990). Federal Public Defender. (2) Commissioners in a district shall be appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the Administrative Judge of the district, subject to the approval of the Chief Judge of the District Court. Maryland Departments (a) The provisions of Section 41D of this Article shall govern initial vacancies in the office of judge of the District Court. January 2016 Schedule The Courts schedule is posted here. (2) issuance of civil interim peace orders and civil interim protective orders within the jurisdiction of the District Court when the Office of the Clerk of the District Court is not open (added by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970; amended by Chapter 587, Acts of 2002, ratified Nov. 5, 2002). The General Assembly may by law create such intermediate courts of appeal as may be necessary. If the amendments to sections 3 and 21 of Article IV proposed by House Bill 972, Senate Bill 390 (1976), and the amendments to those sections proposed by House Bill 1048 (1976) are ratified by the voters at the election in Nov. 1976, the amendments to those sections proposed in House Bill 972, Senate Bill 390 (1976) shall take effect (added by Chapter 542, Acts of 1976, ratified Nov. 2, 1976). Jurisdiction of the District Court shall be uniform throughout the State; except that in Montgomery County and other counties and the City of Baltimore, the Court may have such jurisdiction over juvenile causes as is provided by law (referring to the People's Courts, this section originally was added by Chapter 163, Acts of 1939, ratified Nov. 5, 1940, and amended by Chapter 575, Acts of 1959, ratified Nov. 8, 1960. The right of having questions reserved shall not, however, apply to trials of Appeals from judgments of the District Court, nor to criminal cases below the grade of felony, except when the punishment is confinement in the Penitentiary; and this Section shall be subject to such provisions as may hereafter be made by Law (amended by Chapter 681, Acts of 1977, ratified Nov. 7, 1978; Chapter 421, Acts of 2006, ratified Nov. 7, 2006). 21A. Mary Ellen Barbera SEC. The Court considers appeals from almost any case that originates in a circuit court or an orphans court in Maryland. SEC. 41H. Each chief administrative clerk shall perform such duties in the administration of the District Court as may be assigned him by the administrative judge of his district or as may be prescribed by rule of law. Anyone, even a nonparty, can ask the Court to report an opinion that is initially unreported, as long as they do so before the Court issues its mandate (for the timing of the mandate, see Rule 8-606(b)). Maryland Counties (b) In all cases of presentments or indictments for offenses that are punishable by death, on suggestion in writing under oath of either of the parties to the proceedings that the party cannot have a fair and impartial trial in the court in which the proceedings may be pending, the court shall order and direct the record of proceedings in the presentment or indictment to be transmitted to some other court having jurisdiction in such case for trial. (b) The qualified voters of the City of Baltimore shall elect three Judges of the Orphans' Court for Baltimore City who shall be citizens of the State and residents, for the twelve months preceding, in Baltimore City and who have been admitted to practice law in this State and are members in good standing of the Maryland Bar. Search the Manual Brynja McDivitt Booth (f) Each of the Judges shall be paid such compensation as may be regulated by Law, to be paid by the City or Counties, respectively. March 2021 Schedule SEC. In addition to the federal courts in Maryland, there are two types of appellate courts, one general jurisdiction trial court, and three limited jurisdiction trial courts. The number of judges shall be allocated among the districts by law, and there shall be at least one District Court judge resident in each district. The court, which is composed of one chief judge and six associate judges, meets in the Robert C. Murphy Courts of Appeal Building in the state capital, Annapolis. SEC. SEC. Each U.S. state has its own district court, and some have more than one. October 2020 Schedule December 2017 Schedule 21. SEC. (e) The approval or rejection by the registered voters of a judge as provided for in subsections (c) and (d) shall be a vote for the judge's retention in office for a term of ten years or his removal. 36. The State shall be divided by law into districts. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. The Sheriff in each county and in Baltimore City shall receive such salary or compensation and such expenses necessary to the conduct of his office as may be fixed by law. Vacant (amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. (b) Each full-time clerk of a justice of the peace designated as trial magistrate of a People's Court, of the Municipal Court of Baltimore City, and the chief constable of the People's Court of Baltimore City who is in office on the day before the first Monday in July, 1970, shall become a deputy clerk of the District Court on the first Monday in July 1970. SEC. 4. 21. The Chief Judge of the District Court, upon recommendation of the respective administrative judges, shall appoint such deputy clerks, constables, and other officers of the District Court as may be necessary. Each judge appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate shall hold the office for a term of ten years or until he shall have attained the age of seventy years whichever may first occur. The court's term begins in September and ends in June of each year.[2]. In any district containing more than one county, there shall be at least one District Court judge resident in each county in the district. SEC. March 2023 Schedule After appeals are fully briefed, they are considered by panels of three judges. 41H. No member of the General Assembly at which the addition of Section 14A was proposed, if otherwise qualified, shall be ineligible for appointment or election as a judge of any intermediate court of appeal, established by law by the General Assembly pursuant to said Section 14A, by reason of his membership in such General Assembly (added by Chapter 10, Acts of 1966, ratified Nov. 8, 1966). Select the FULL OPINION in your preferred format. April 2016 Schedule (c) The qualified voters of Prince George's County shall elect three Judges of the Orphans' Court for Prince George's County who shall be citizens of the State and residents, for the twelve months preceding, in Prince George's County and who have been admitted to practice law in this State and are members in good standing of the Maryland Bar (added by Chapter 394, Acts of 2011, ratified Nov. 6, 2012). 14A. The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint each judge of the District Court whenever for any reason a vacancy shall exist in the office. (b) Each full-time clerk of a justice of the peace designated as trial magistrate of a People's Court, of the Municipal Court of Baltimore City, and the chief constable of the People's Court of Baltimore City who is in office on the day before the first Monday in July, 1970, shall become a deputy clerk of the District Court on the first Monday in July 1970. 907, September Term, 1974. SEC. 39. Repealed and a new section enacted by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). Repealed by Chapter 617, Acts of 1968, ratified Nov. 5, 1968). The State shall be divided by law into districts. He shall hold office for four years, until his successor is duly elected and qualified, give such bond, exercise such powers and perform such duties as now are or may hereafter be fixed by law. (b) Commissioners may exercise power only with respect to and only as prescribed by law or rule as to: (4) No judge of the Court of Appeals shall sit in judgment in any hearing involving that judge's own conduct. 17. November 2022 Schedule Maryland Departments January 2019 Schedule Part VII - Sheriffs. The salary of a judge of the District Court shall not be reduced during his continuance in office (added by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). If the ten year term of a judge shall expire before that judge shall have attained the age of seventy years, that judge shall be reappointed by the Governor, with the Senate's consent, for another ten year term or until he shall have attained the age of seventy years, whichever may first occur. 21. In October 2012, political science professors Adam Bonica and Michael Woodruff of Stanford University attempted to determine the partisan outlook of state supreme court justices in their paper, "State Supreme Court Ideology and 'New Style' Judicial Campaigns." The General Assembly may prescribe the intermediate appellate jurisdiction of these courts of appeal, and all other powers necessary for the operation of such courts (added by Chapter 10, Acts of 1966, ratified Nov. 8, 1966). Vacant (added by Chapter 116, Acts of 1924, ratified Nov. 2, 1926. 29. SEC. 35. 18. 45. Repealed by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). (d) No member of the General Assembly at which these amendments were proposed, or at which the number of or salary of any such judges may have been increased or decreased by the General Assembly from time to time, if otherwise qualified, is ineligible for appointment or election as a judge of the District Court by reason of his membership in the General Assembly (added by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970; amended by Chapter 681, Acts of 1977, ratified Nov. 7, 1978. In rare cases, the COA may choose to hear very important appeals directly, without having the case heard first in the Court of Special Appeals. Vacant (repealed by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). SEC. The number of judges shall be allocated among the districts by law, and there shall be at least one District Court judge resident in each district. For the purpose of implementing the amendments to Articles IV, XV and XVII of this Constitution, establishing the District Court, the following provisions shall govern. Notaries Public may be appointed for each county and the city of Baltimore, in the manner, for the purpose, and with the powers now fixed, or which may hereafter be prescribed by Law (amended by Chapter 681, Acts of 1977, ratified Nov. 7, 1978). March 2016 Schedule There shall be a Register of Wills in each county of the State, and the City of Baltimore, to be elected by the legal and qualified voters of said counties and city, respectively, who shall hold his office for four years from the time of his election and until his successor is elected and qualified; he shall be re-eligible, and subject at all times to removal for willful neglect of duty, or misdemeanor in office in the same manner that the Clerks of the Courts are removable. 19. (b) Commissioners may exercise power only with respect to and only as prescribed by law or rule as to: February 2017 Schedule 31A. The Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint each judge of the District Court whenever for any reason a vacancy shall exist in the office. 41F. The District Court shall have the original jurisdiction prescribed by law. Repealed by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). The number of judges for any district may be increased or decreased by the General Assembly from time to time, subject to the requirements of Section 41B of this Article, and any vacancy so created shall be filled as provided in Section 41D of this Article (added by Chapter 373, Acts of 1959, ratified Nov. 8, 1960. SEC. (c) Each judge of a court specified in subsection (b) who is in office on the effective date of these amendments, but who has not been elected to that office by the voters, shall, within fifteen days after the effective date of these amendments, be reappointed to that office. Repealed by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). In addition, the Court is supported by its Clerks Office, Staff Attorneys Office, and Alternative Dispute Resolution Division. His continuance in office is then subject to the provisions of section 5A (c) and (d) of this article, applicable to judges of that court, but in no event shall any judge continue in office after his seventieth birthday (added by Chapter 551, Acts of 1975, ratified Nov. 2, 1976). (1) warrants of arrest, or bail or collateral or other terms of pre-trial release pending hearing; and May 2018 Schedule Maryland Departments 41E. In any district containing more than one county, there shall be at least one District Court judge resident in each county in the district. SEC. Need abbreviation of Maryland Court Of Appeals? Founded in 1776, the Maryland Court of Appeals is the state's court of last resort and has seven judgeships. 34. March 2015 Schedule All Judges shall, by virtue of their offices, be Conservators of the Peace throughout the State; and no fees, or perquisites, commission, or reward of any kind shall be allowed to any Judge in this State, besides his annual salary, for the discharge of any Judicial duty (amended by Chapter 681, Acts of 1977, ratified Nov. 7, 1978). court of appeals of maryland september term, 2021 petition docket no. Notaries Public may be appointed for each county and the city of Baltimore, in the manner, for the purpose, and with the powers now fixed, or which may hereafter be prescribed by Law (amended by Chapter 681, Acts of 1977, ratified Nov. 7, 1978). SEC. Their rulings are based on evidence, facts, the law, and prior higher court decisions. (b) The qualified voters of the City of Baltimore shall elect three Judges of the Orphans' Court for Baltimore City who shall be citizens of the State and residents, for the twelve months preceding, in Baltimore City and who have been admitted to practice law in this State and are members in good standing of the Maryland Bar. SEC. The Chief Judge of the District Court may assign administrative duties to other judges of the District Court and shall perform such other duties in the administration of the District Court as may be prescribed by rule or by law (added by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). 37. The Chief Judge of the District Court, upon recommendation of the respective administrative judges, shall appoint such deputy clerks, constables, and other officers of the District Court as may be necessary. 40. SEC. The General Assembly may provide, by Law, for compensation for all such officers; and the said Judge or Judges shall, from time to time, investigate the expenses, costs and charges of their respective courts, with a view to a change or reduction thereof, and report the result of such investigation to the General Assembly for its action (amended by Chapter 523, Acts of 1980, ratified Nov. 4, 1980). SEC. The Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals shall designate one judge of the District Court as Chief Judge of that Court, to serve as Chief Judge at his pleasure. MDCA - Main Distribution Control Assembly. 37. The other judges shall be associate judges. (2) issuance of civil interim peace orders and civil interim protective orders within the jurisdiction of the District Court when the Office of the Clerk of the District Court is not open (added by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970; amended by Chapter 587, Acts of 2002, ratified Nov. 5, 2002). Where any Term is held, or trial conducted by less than three Circuit Judges, upon the decision or determination of any point, or question, by the Court, it shall be competent to the party, against whom the ruling or decision is made, upon motion, to have the point, or question reserved for the consideration of the three Judges of the Circuit, who shall constitute a court in banc for such purpose; and the motion for such reservation shall be entered of record, during the sitting, at which such decision may be made; and the procedure for appeals to the Circuit Court in banc shall be as provided by the Maryland Rules. (a) The provisions of Section 41D of this Article shall govern initial vacancies in the office of judge of the District Court. (d) Except as otherwise provided by law, one judge shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of any business. Part II - Courts of Appeal. Maryland Independent Agencies If the voters reject the retention in office of a judge, or if the vote is tied, the office becomes vacant ten days after certification of the election returns. It was repealed and a new section concerning the District Court was enacted by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970, and amended by Chapter 544, Acts of 1976, ratified Nov. 2, 1976). 41C. March 2020 Schedule Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. The Chief Judge of the District Court shall appoint, to serve at his pleasure, a Chief Clerk of that Court. Maryland Manual On-Line The General Assembly may prescribe the intermediate appellate jurisdiction of these courts of appeal, and all other powers necessary for the operation of such courts (added by Chapter 10, Acts of 1966, ratified Nov. 8, 1966). on writ of certiorari to the court of special appeals brief of disability rights maryland, council of parent attorneys and advocates, mental health association of maryland, maryland developmental disabilities council, maryland center for SEC. In the event of any vacancy in the office of the Register of Wills, said vacancy shall be filled by the Judges of the Orphans' Court, in which such vacancy occurs, until the next general election for Delegates to the General Assembly when a Register shall be elected to serve for four years thereafter (amended by Chapter 99, Acts of 1956, ratified Nov. 6, 1956). In the absence of the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, the provisions of this section shall be applicable to the senior judge present in the Court of Appeals. Litigants and attorneys should not attempt to contact judges or their chambers staff directly, either before or after an opinion is issued. Vacant (amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. The court has the authority to adopt administrative, practical and procedural rules, all of which have the force of law. e-mail: mdmanual@maryland.gov. The State shall be divided by law into districts. Vacant (amended by Chapter 889, Acts of 1974, ratified Nov. 5, 1974. Maryland Executive Commissions, Committees, Task Forces, & Advisory Boards Vacant (added by Chapter 313, Acts of 1892, ratified Nov. 7, 1893. The Chief Judge of the District Court may assign administrative duties to other judges of the District Court and shall perform such other duties in the administration of the District Court as may be prescribed by rule or by law (added by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). Notaries Public may be appointed for each county and the city of Baltimore, in the manner, for the purpose, and with the powers now fixed, or which may hereafter be prescribed by Law (amended by Chapter 681, Acts of 1977, ratified Nov. 7, 1978). The salary of each Chief Judge and of each Associate Judge of the Circuit Court shall not be diminished during his continuance in office (amended by Chapter 99, Acts of 1956, ratified Nov. 6, 1956). (a)(1) There shall be district court commissioners in the number and with the qualifications and compensation prescribed by law. December 2014 Schedule To the extent inconsistent herewith, the provisions of Section 3 and 5 of this Article shall not apply to judges of the District Court (added by Chapter 789, Acts of 1969, ratified Nov. 3, 1970). 25. 29. January 2020 Schedule (c) All statutory references to justices of the peace designated as trial magistrates, to People's Courts, to the Municipal Court of Baltimore City or to the Housing Court of Baltimore County, shall be deemed to refer to the District Court in the appropriate district, county or Baltimore City, to the extent not inconsistent with this Constitution. SEC. SEC. 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