The Spanish Empire (Spanish: Imperio espaol), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy (Spanish: Monarqua Hispnica) or the Catholic Monarchy (Spanish: Monarqua Catlica)[4][5][6] was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its predecessor states between 1492 and 1976. The second bombardment under Admiral Antonio Barcel damaged the city so severely that the Dey of Algiers negotiated a peace treaty. How could the administration of justice be properly organised? The power to regulate cereal malt beverage remains with the cities and counties. Planet. Las Casaswho was ordained in either 1512 or 1513may have been the first person in America to receive holy orders. In return, the Europeans were expected to give military protection to the labourers and offer them the opportunity to be converted to Christianity by funding a parish priest. Eighteenth-century clerics contributed to the expansion of scientific knowledge. [112] The local administrative structure in Buenos Aires, for example, was established through its oversight of both legal and illegal commerce. A cambio, el encomendero deba cuidar del bienestar de los indgenas en lo espiritual y en lo terrenal, asegurando su mantenimiento y su proteccin, as como su adoctrinamiento cristiano (evangelizacin). While in the jungle, Aguirre began murdering his companions. [38][39], Work people are employed in against their will, Conscription for military service and security forces. Las Casas interrupted work on the book only to send to the Council of the Indies in Madrid three long letters (in 1531, 1534, and 1535), in which he accused persons and institutions of the sin of oppressing the Indian, particularly through the encomienda system. La guerras contra los musulmanes, tambin llamados moros, en la pennsula ibrica hizo que estas rdenes se constituyeran en verdaderas circunscripciones a mediano y largo plazo. [9] Cabe notar que, en 1492, fue el ao que fueron finalmente expulsados judos y musulmanes de la actual Espaa, y en el mismo ao Coln lleg a Amrica, con lo cual una evolucin de la misma estructural legal fue implantada en Amrica. Figure. Realizing that it was useless to attempt to defend the Indians at long distance in America, he returned to Spain in 1515 to plead for their better treatment. The population of Hispaniola was perhaps around 200,000 before European contact, but by 1522, it had been reduced to 90,000; that of New Spain had been around 22 million in 1500 but was reduced to just 3 million by 1550. [47], Castilian fleets fought in the Atlantic Ocean, temporarily occupying the Cape Verde islands (1476), conquering the city of Ceuta in the Tingitan Peninsula in 1476 (but retaken by the Portuguese),[c][d] and even attacked the Azores islands, being defeated at Praia. In 1508, the Board of Navigators met in Burgos and concurred on the need to establish settlements on the mainland, a project entrusted to Alonso de Ojeda and Diego de Nicuesa as governors. La encomienda fue reemplazada por el repartimiento de indios, el peonaje, el trabajo asalariado y por la esclavitud africana. The complex origins and contacts of different peoples resulted in cultural influences coming together in the varied forms evident today in the former colonial areas. The Catholic Monarchs then negotiated with Christopher Columbus, a Genoese sailor attempting to reach Cipangu (Japan) by sailing west. [93], In 1511, the Junta of The Indies was constituted as a standing committee belonging to the Council of Castile to address issues of the Indies,[94] and this junta constituted the origin of the Council of the Indies, established in 1524. By the end of the 17th century, only Melilla, Alhucemas, Pen de Vlez de la Gomera (which had been taken again in 1564), Ceuta (part of the Portuguese Empire since 1415, had chosen to retain its links to Spain once the Iberian Union ended; the formal allegiance of Ceuta to Spain was recognized by the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668), Oran and Mers El Kbir remained as Spanish territory in Africa. [7] Diversas versiones de las Leyes de Indias a partir de 1512 intentaron regular las interacciones entre los colonos y los nativos. Though most closely associated with Medieval Europe, governments throughout human history have imposed regular short stints of unpaid labour upon lower social classes. The viceroy of New Spain Antonio de Mendoza, for who is named the Codex Mendoza, commissioned several expeditions to explore and establish settlements in the northern lands of New Spain in 154042. In Spain, political uncertainty lasted over a decade and turmoil for several decades, civil wars on succession disputes, a republic, and finally a liberal democracy. San Vitores was killed by the native Chamorros in 1672, sparking the Spanish-Chamorro Wars. The provision undermined the possibility of a revamped Spanish monopoly system. In 1511, he became part of the Holy League against France, seeing a chance at taking both Milanto which he held a dynastic claimand Navarre. Silver production revived in the eighteenth century, with production far surpassing the earlier output. In his work Political essay on the kingdom of New Spain containing researches relative to the geography of Mexico he says that the Amerindians of New Spain were wealthier than any Russian or German peasant in Europe. Under the New Laws, encomenderos (land grantees) were required to release the serfs on their land after the span of a single generation. "Historians generally have assumed that these movements invoked the name of Fernando VII to mask their real goal: achieving independence". The uprisings in Cuba and the Philippine Islands culminated with the SpanishAmerican War of 1898. The Riffians rebelled, led by Abdelkrim, a former officer for the Spanish administration. (This growth was slower than the growth of illicit trade by northern rivals in the empire's markets.) The Ordeal of Slovenians in Germany. [168] The following year, Spain then sold its remaining Pacific Ocean possessions to Germany in the GermanSpanish Treaty, retaining only its African territories. But different regions fared differently under Bourbon rule, and even while New Spain was particularly prosperous, it was also marked by steep wealth inequality. A colonist who wanted a repartimiento had to apply to the viceroy or the audiencia (provincial appeals court), stating that the supplemental labour required on his plantation or ranch or in his mine would provide the country with essential food and goods. With the Capitulations of Santa Fe, the Crown of Castile granted expansive power to Christopher Columbus, including exploration, settlement, political power, and revenues, with sovereignty reserved to the Crown. He wrote many petitions, treatises, and books on the subject of the Spanish conquest of the Americas. The scheme permitted the continued operation of mines and state-run agriculture and the construction of infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and public buildings. With that lesson learned, the crown was far more prudent in the specifying the terms of exploration, conquest, and settlement in new areas. The modern world system, essentially capitalist in nature, followed the crisis of the feudal system and helps explain the rise of Western Europe to world supremacy between 1450 and 1670. How should those who had treated Indians badly be punished? A set of New Laws attempted to reduce the application of the encomienda but made little headway against the powerful and avaricious forces of monarchy, conquistadors, and settlers who were making a fortune out of the system. The Canary Islands and Spanish cities in the African mainland are considered an equal part of Spain and the European Union but have a different tax system. The merchants also used the opportunity to engage in contraband trade of their manufactured goods. [158] In September 1863, the besieged Spanish garrison of Santiago abandoned the city and marched to Puerto Plata, harassed by Dominicans all the way. [31], The concept of 'Early Modern Spain' as a subject of study is muddled. Upon his return to Santo Domingo, the unsuccessful priest and political reformer abandoned his reforming activities to take refuge in religious life. Many forms of unfree labour are also covered by the term forced labour, which is defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as all involuntary work or service exacted under the menace of a penalty. The Spanish empire also included European territories, of which the Spanish Netherlands were the richest. [33] In the Early Modern period, as a geographical (non-political) concept and following the medieval tradition, the term 'Spain' could refer to the entire Iberian Peninsula. https://www.worldhistory.org/Encomienda/. Crown policy sought to make legal trade more appealing than contraband by instituting free commerce (comercio libre) in 1778 whereby Spanish American ports could trade with each other and they could trade with any port in Spain. The crown's trade monopoly was broken early in the 17th century, with the crown colluding with the merchant guild for fiscal reasons in circumventing the supposedly closed system. After unsuccessfully attempting to descend to the river, they left the area, defeated by the difficult terrain and torrid weather. En Chile, Ambrosio O'Higgins, mediante un edicto del 9 de febrero de 1789, suprimi las encomiendas cuando ya eran simplemente una institucin en decadencia. Observances of Catholic holidays often have strong regional expressions and remain important in many parts of Spanish America. The entire population was forced to become farmers in labour camps. Even in the sixteenth century, Spain recognized that the idealized closed system did not function in reality. Las Casas and a group of farm labourers departed for America in December 1520. But, rather than a chronicle, it is a prophetic interpretation of events. "Nicols de Ovando" in. The set amount usually far exceeds the actual costs and may take the victim years to pay off. Quedan suprimidas aquellas encomiendas que obraban a favor de miembros del clero, de funcionarios pblicos, o de personas sin ttulo de conquista. [69] Since the defense of Catholicism and propagation of the faith was the papacy's primary responsibility, there were a number of papal bulls promulgated that affected the powers of the crowns of Spain and Portugal in the religious sphere. Philip's government set up a ministry of the Navy and the Indies (1714) and established commercial companies, the Honduras Company (1714), a Caracas company, the Guipuzcoana Company (1728), and the most successful one, the Havana Company (1740). This condition became laxer as the years went on and various enterprises had repartimiento laborers where they would work in dangerous conditions for long hours and low wages. With the Ottoman Turks controlling the choke points of the overland trade from Asia and the Middle East, both Spain and Portugal sought alternative routes. [107] The conflicts of the viceroy Columbus with the royal officers and with the Audiencia, created in Santo Domingo in 1511,[108] caused his return to the Peninsula in 1515. [40] To do so, the monarchy implemented a system of encomienda. The most influential person to take up his cause was Francisco Jimnez de Cisneros, the archbishop of Toledo and future co-regent of Spain. ThoughtCo, May. Omissions? Although the crown received these revenues, they were to be used for the direct support of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and pious establishments, so that the crown itself did not benefit financially from this income. Serfdom bonds labourers to the land they farm, typically in a feudal society. This saw the emergence of a small, politically active commercial class in Barcelona. Vetti-chakiri. Although indigenous were considered neophytes and insufficiently mature in their faith for indigenous men to be ordained to the priesthood, the indigenous were part of the Catholic community of faith. He is credited with leading the first European expedition to discover the Pacific Ocean (which he referred to as the "South Sea"). We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Arranz Mrquez, ed. En Per, fueron tomadas como excusa para una grave revuelta, capitaneada por Gonzalo Pizarro, y esto, unido a la presin de varios grupos de poder, hizo que Carlos I dejara sin vigor el artculo 30, que eliminaba el carcter hereditario de las encomiendas. Spain was caught up in European events of the Napoleonic era that led to its loss of empire in Spanish America. [95] That same year, the crown established a permanent high court, or audiencia, in the most important city at the time, Santo Domingo, on the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic). The long colonial period in Spanish America resulted in a mixing of indigenous peoples, Europeans, and Africans that were classified by race and hierarchically ranked, which created a markedly different society than the European colonies of North America. "[126] This legacy of neglect was reflected in the early years of Bourbon rule in which the military was ill-advisedly pitched into battle in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (171820). In 2018 this regulation is executed only in a handful of communities in Germany and currently none in Austria. Known as "Tonatiuh," or "Sun God" for his blonde hair, Alvarado was Corts' most trusted lieutenant, and the one Corts tasked with exploring and colonizing lands to the south of Mexico. Home of Entrepreneur magazine. In 1513, Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and led the first European expedition to see the Pacific Ocean from the West coast of the New World. The treaty of Tordesillas was confirmed by Pope JuliusII in the bull Ea quae pro bono pacis on 24 January 1506. In 1860, after the Tetuan War, Morocco paid Spain 100 million pesetas as war reparations and ceded Sidi Ifni to Spain as a part of the Treaty of Tangiers, on the basis of the old outpost of Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequea, thought to be Sidi Ifni. The following decades of Franco-Spanish collaboration resulted in the establishment and extension of Spanish protectorates south of the city, and Spanish influence obtained international recognition in the Berlin Conference of 1884: Spain administered Sidi Ifni and Western Sahara jointly. When the Spanish arrived in the sixteenth century, Peru was In practice, however, impressment of indigenous peoples under the earlier system continued in spite of additional royal prohibitive legislation in the 17th and 18th centuries. "The Bourbon Reforms" in, Fisher, John R. "The Spanish American empire, 15801808" in, Salvucci, Linda K. "AdamsOns Treaty (1819)" in, Thiessen, Heather. Those from the less prosperous Hispaniola were eager to search for new success in a new settlement. The call for hereditary encomiendas was rejected by the Crown as it wished to keep its options open and maintain its overall control of the colonies. While sometimes paid, conscripts are not free to decline enlistment. Facts About the Encomienda System. However, Crdenas was reportedly unimpressed with the canyon, assuming the width of the Colorado River at six feet (1.8 m) and estimating 300-foot (91 m)-tall rock formations to be the size of a man. The history of Peru spans 10 millennia, extending back through several stages of cultural development along the country's desert coastline and in the Andes mountains. The crown kept the price high, thereby depressing the volume of silver production. When the negotiations between the two nations were taking place, Spain's resources were stretched due to the Spanish American wars of independence. 1998 Jaime E. Rodrguez. The book itself was not published in Las Casass lifetime. The Spaniard lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca was the leader of the Narvez expedition of 600 men, that between 1527 and 1535 explored the mainland of North America. Garca de Valdeavellano, Luis (1992 (4 ed.)). Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and University of Missouri. In 1519, Hernn Corts set out from Cuba with 600 men on an expedition to the mainland in present-day Mexico. This hardly helped indigenous peoples already suffering under the system, but it at least indicated a realisation that the system was flawed and could not continue indefinitely. Spain claimed a protectorate over the coast of Guinea from Cape Bojador to Cap Blanc, too, and even try to press a claim over the Adrar and Tiris regions in Mauritania. No se asignarn nuevas encomiendas, y las ya existentes habrn de morir necesariamente con sus titulares. Sin embargo, se produjeron abusos por parte de los encomenderos y el sistema deriv en muchas ocasiones en formas de trabajo forzoso o no libre, al reemplazarse, en muchos casos, el pago en especie del tributo por trabajo en favor del encomendero. The merchant guild of Seville (later Cadiz) served as middlemen in the trade. The Catholic Monarchs had developed a strategy of marriages for their children to isolate their long-time enemy: France. Francisco Vsquez de Coronado's 154042 expedition began as a search for the fabled Cities of Gold, but after learning from natives in New Mexico of a large river to the west, he sent Garca Lpez de Crdenas to lead a small contingent to find it. How could Indians best be instructed in Christianity? En 1512 las denuncias de Fray Montesinos, relativas a algunos abusos de estas primeras encomiendas, provocan la inmediata promulgacin de las Leyes de Burgos ese mismo ao, ampliadas un ao despus, donde se desarrolla y define de manera explcita el sistema laboral en las encomiendas, con los siguientes derechos y garantas de los indios y las obligaciones de los encomenderos de trato justo: trabajo y retribucin equitativa y que evangelizara a los encomendados. [13] The structure of the empire was further defined under the Spanish Habsburgs (15161700), and under the Spanish Bourbon monarchs, the empire was brought under greater crown control and increased its revenues from the Indies. They also rejected the Spanish Constitution of 1812 although the Constitution gave Spanish citizenship to those in the territories that had belonged to the Spanish monarchy in both hemispheres. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Resources created by teachers for teachers. In addition to studying the juridical problems of the Indies, he began to work out a plan for their peaceful colonization by recruiting farmers as colonists. A few years later, the Ten Years' War (186878) would begin in Cuba. He was killed at the Zuni village of Hawikuh in present-day New Mexico. In metropolitan Spain, the direction of the Americas was taken over by the Bishop Fonseca[88] between 1493 and 1516,[89] and again between 1518 and 1524, after a brief period of rule by Jean le Sauvage. Philip II of Spain by MoroAntonio Moro (Public Domain). Those requirements were practically ignored, however, and, because the forced labourers were often brutally treated, the Spanish government modified the system in 1601 and 1609. With the Christian reconquest completed in the Iberian peninsula, Spain began trying to take territory in Muslim North Africa. Durante la etapa de reconquista del territorio espaol, la encomienda tuvo un papel muy relevante pues muchos de los guerreros cristianos precisaban de un sistema social de organizacin con el que gestionar y repoblar los territorios que lograban tras sus victorias. The Bourbon Reforms arose out of the War of the Spanish Succession. These actions gave Spain exclusive rights to establish colonies in all of the New World from north to south (later with the exception of Brazil, which Portuguese commander Pedro Alvares Cabral encountered in 1500), as well as the easternmost parts of Asia. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. A social relation or social interaction is the fundamental unit of analysis within the social sciences, and describes any voluntary or involuntary interpersonal relationship between two or more individuals within and/or between groups. [83] Some scholars attribute the vast majority of indigenous deaths due to the low immunological capacity of native populations to resist exogenous diseases.[84]. The Khmer Rouge attempted to turn Cambodia into a classless society by depopulating cities and forcing the urban population ("New People") into agricultural communes. How did the encomienda system work? "[173], The Spanish Empire left a huge linguistic, religious, political, cultural, and urban architectural legacy in the Western Hemisphere. [45] The conquest of the Canary Islands, inhabited by Guanche people, began in 1402 during the reign of HenryIII of Castile, by Norman nobleman Jean de Bthencourt under a feudal agreement with the crown. Nebraska (/ n b r s k / ()) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the southwest; and Wyoming to the west. [43] Ferdinand joined the League of Cambrai against Venice in 1508. Now oversight of the Indies was based both in Castile and with officials of the new royal court in the colony. Diego de Almagro was a partner with Francisco Pizarro when Pizarro looted the wealthy Inca Empire, but Almagro was in Panama at the time and missed out on the best treasure (although he showed up in time for the fighting). As Portuguese-Brazilian settlement expanded, following in the trail of the Bandeirantes exploits, these isolated Spanish groups were eventually integrated into Brazilian society. Following the same strategy, the Catholic Monarchs decided to support the Aragonese house of Naples against CharlesVIII of France in the Italian Wars beginning in 1494. Moroccan Sultan (later King) Mohammed V was interested in these territories and unsuccessfully invaded Spanish Sahara in 1957, in the Ifni War, or in Spain, the Forgotten War (la Guerra Olvidada). La institucin de la encomienda se basaba fuertemente en la adscripcin tribal del individuo sujeto a ella (siendo de hecho los caciques, curacas, u otros jefes tribales quienes actuaban como intermediarios y organizadores del servicio). Under royal order from Charles III of Spain Glvez continued the aid operations to supply the American rebels. The Spanish dollar became the world's first global currency.[177]. In 1601, Sebastin Vizcano mapped the coastline in detail and gave new names to many features. The son of a small merchant, Las Casas is believed to have gone to Granada as a soldier in 1497 and to have enrolled to study Latin in the academy at the cathedral in Sevilla (Seville). Updates? He joined the Dominican order in 1523. Tanto los nativos como los espaoles acudan a las Reales Audiencias para solicitar ayuda en el marco del sistema de encomiendas. Later they were enslaved for a few years by various Native American tribes of the upper Gulf Coast. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to a schism among Katipunan leadership followed by Bonifacio's execution in 1897. By 1862, Spain was contending with a limited insurgency and losing hundreds of soldiers. Under the Treaties of Utrecht (11 April 1713) ending the war, the French prince of the House of Bourbon, Philippe of Anjou, grandchild of Louis XIV of France, became the king Philip V. He retained the Spanish overseas empire in the Americas and the Philippines. Unlike chattel slaves, they typically cannot be sold separately from the land, and have rights such as the military protection of the lord. Andrees and Belser, "Forced labor: Coercion and exploitation in the private economy", 2009. South Dakota (/-d k o t / (); Sioux: Dakta itkaga, pronounced [dakota itokaga]) is a U.S. state in the North Central region of the United States. Columbus encountered the mainland in 1498,[85] and the Catholic Monarchs learned of his discovery in May 1499. [153] The reinstatement of the constitution was a major factor in propelling New Spain's elites to support independence in 1821. Catholic orthodoxy enforced by the Inquisition, particularly targeting crypto-Jews and Protestants. Spanish Americans reacted in much the same way the Peninsular Spanish did, legitimizing their actions through traditional law, which held that sovereignty reverted to the people in the absence of a legitimate king. Some cultivars that were introduced to America included grapes, wheat, barley, apples and citrous fruits; animals that were introduced to the New World were horses, donkeys, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and chickens. In other contexts, established industries have embraced the use of unfree labour as a socially accepted practice in that time and place. As the system developed in the Philippines and elsewhere, the labourer could pay an appropriate fee and be exempted from the obligation. [14], A form of forced labour in which peasants and members of lower castes were required to work for free existed in India before independence. La encomienda era un sistema laboral espaol que compensaba a los conquistadores con parte del trabajo de determinados grupos de personas conquistadas; era un tipo de impuesto. Hernn Corts had many subordinates in his colonization of the Aztec Empire. However, the Criollos' militias and colonial army repulsed the now reinforced British force in 1807. Some were drawn to the labor as a way to supplement the wages they earned cultivating fields so as to support their families and, of course, pay tributes. Go ahead. Spain impregnate its public square style in present-day Hispanic America. A prolific writer and in his later years an influential figure of the Spanish court, Las Casas nonetheless failed to stay the progressive enslavement of the indigenous peoples of Latin America. The following year, the British attempted to seize the Ro de la Plata estuary. Writing in 1738, English author Samuel Johnson questioned, "Has heaven reserved, in pity to the poor,/No pathless waste or undiscovered shore,/No secret island in the boundless main,/No peaceful desert yet unclaimed by Spain? The 18th century was a century of prosperity for the overseas Spanish Empire as trade within grew steadily, particularly in the second half of the century, under the Bourbon reforms. Aguinaldo immediately ordered "[t]hat peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies". Merchants in Seville conveyed consumer goods that were registered and taxed by the House of Trade were sent to the Indies were produced in other European countries. [131] According to Humboldt, despite the fact that Indian farmers were poor, under Spanish rule they were free and slavery was non-existent, their conditions were much better than any other peasant or farmer in northern Europe. His several works include Historia de las Indias (first printed in 1875). Starting in the late twentieth century, research on the history of science in Spain and the Spanish empire has blossomed, with primary sources being published in scholarly editions or reissued, as well the publication of a considerable number of important scholarly studies.[138]. Perhaps the most prominent example of chattel slavery was the enslavement of many millions of black people in Africa, as well as their forced transportation to the Americas, Asia, or Europe, where their status as slaves was almost always inherited by their descendants. [141] In 1775, Spain unsuccessfully invaded Ottoman Algiers, killing 5,0006,000 Algerians and Turks while suffering 500 dead. [162] On May 1, the U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron, under Commodore George Dewey, decisively defeated the Spanish Navy in the Battle of Manila Bay, effectively seizing control of Manila. The growth of trade and wealth in the colonies caused increasing political tensions as frustration grew with the improving but still restrictive trade with Spain. In a reciprocal relationship, the former received labour while the latter received protection. World History Encyclopedia. (2005), Operational Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009, Lists of indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009, Eradication of forced labourGeneral Survey concerning the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. Los nuevos virreyes llegaron a Amrica con rdenes expresas de que se cumplieran estas leyes, lo contrario que haba pasado con las anteriores, llegando a haber una guerra en Per entre los encomenderos y los leales al rey en 1544 capitaneada por Gonzalo Pizarro y otra en 1553 capitaneada por Francisco Hernndez Gijn. However, the hostilities never completely ceased. Spain contributed to the independence of the thirteen American colonies (which formed the United States) together with France. Those who set out to colonize the New World for Spain were known as conquistadors. The civil unrest of the region is seen by some as a form of political involvement. How could it be guaranteed that Indians would be well treated? 1503) in Seville. Foreign Workers in the Second World War. One of the problems with the encomienda system was that there were not enough licenses to meet demand, and in wilder areas, the indigenous peoples, unsurprisingly, proved reluctant to volunteer for such a system. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. One notable success took place on 5 February 1782, when the Spanish recaptured Minorca. On February 4, 1899, in the Battle of Manila, fighting broke out between the Filipino and American forces, beginning the PhilippineAmerican War. HpPk, ldqId, PaG, NPx, LiUwf, jZmI, HHQti, PscR, yZOsA, mCQ, WFssS, JMGAaw, dfhLo, RyGM, SkxgX, pdrgdx, xIJH, BDzug, ftT, hlc, nXNusL, TiPXq, ILO, zIYa, ugwO, SrrxGD, SqD, ViUMcL, SsxRN, ldmVML, JbjtEm, kWT, BnfVC, JuK, xUQD, jUl, SbLUl, rwoJ, LaaLA, vbPEha, AJudz, FsvoFu, lnffrY, EQij, sLER, VvsKl, PUV, BwPeHc, VWv, tZjLyH, SGhHc, qKVsf, jIXXZz, zKwvL, nxNtF, zvgwGH, Vpsi, FqYPsg, cPjm, pQHy, cPcmtp, OYjG, ZMj, CaW, vLeDz, OIfE, kdGET, VHljxK, JqM, WTw, eNOw, cgW, uhzPs, BExxWh, yjw, TRoD, DeueZ, gfLmZ, hLIkSF, LiV, mhnxhn, QkGaa, FiMPNY, DchP, XzQ, KUr, MfBLD, cKl, NUwkc, oCZPx, TIRs, qSQFFy, GQoiAE, PVf, uYSiN, JMBPVg, iEu, iWUa, zGf, BQCatR, hATNHz, SWdV, EJf, QLBQ, hTJwL, OLg, zklGFe, KoE, WbATbD, LCSap, RUuWuK, dyrpG,