Greves MH, Rivara F. Report card on school snack food policies among the United States' largest school districts in 2004--2005: room for improvement. BF classified as frequency/week (07). J Sch Nurs 2006;22:201--6. Implement and promote walk- and bicycle-to-school programs. Children and adolescents are more likely to engage in unhealthy eating behaviors when watching television (155,168,169) and are exposed to television advertisements promoting primarily restaurants and unhealthy food products (151,170). Integration of health topics throughout the school curriculum should not replace health education as a course in school; a comprehensive health education curriculum is necessary to enable students to achieve the national and state standards for health education. Information about the number of students in the school who meet diet, physical activity, and weight status recommendations can be used to guide program planning and policy advocacy efforts. According to the 2004 Surgeon General's report on bone health and osteoporosis, diet and physical activity are responsible for 10%--50% of bone mass and structure (56). Conklin MT, Lambert LG, Anderson JB. Health Educ Beh 2003;30:503--18. Health education is a fundamental part of an overall school health program. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:1234--9. Nearly a fourth of households had reduced the number of meals consumed daily and close to half reported limiting portion sizes. Parallel qualitative data from teachers, breakfast club staff and researchers who observed the breakfast club suggested that children's behavior deteriorated during the breakfast club as a result of inadequate supervision and training, and a lack of teaching staff who seemed to be regarded with more authority by children. The School Health Profiles (i.e., Profiles) is a system of surveys assessing school health policies and practices in states, large urban school districts, territories, and tribal governments. Injuries in the school environment: a resource guide. Joint Committee on National Health Education Standards. National Association for Sport and Physical Education. The majority of studies on habitual breakfast intake are based on adolescent samples aged 1218 years. In 2006, 56% of required health education classes and 31% of physical education courses incorporated homework or projects that involved family members (593). Higher mathematics grades post intervention in children who regularly participate in SBP compared to those who rarely or sometimes participate. Hoyland A, Dye L, Lawton CL. Community health education and promotion: a guide to program design and evaluation. Out-of-school programs (e.g., after school programs and parks and recreation programs) offer additional opportunities to reinforce health promotion messages taught in schools and can engage students in healthy eating and physical activity (606). Implementing and sustaining school-based healthy eating and physical activity policies and practices will make a substantial contribution toward a healthy future for children and adolescents in the United States. Although this is a critical opportunity for children and adolescents to participate in physical activity, schools do not provide it daily. In addition to the process evaluation topics, schools might evaluate changes that occurred after a policy, program, or practice was implemented. Conference Report on H.R. School Nurse Childhood Obesity Prevention Education. WebThe average American adult, teenager, and child consumes about 17 teaspoons of added sugar a day, or about 270 calories. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:975--83. Robbins LB, Pender NJ, Kazanis AS. Cardiovascular health in childhood: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young (AHOY) of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Nutritional quality of the diets of U.S. public school children and the role of the school meals program. Learn to make a new dish every week. Technical Advisors for School Health Guidelines to Promote Healthy Eating and Physical Activity. Maintenance of the classroom health education curricula: results from the CATCH-ON study. Children's Safety Network at Education Development Center Inc. Reduction in time spent in classroom indicative of on-task behavior in intervention schools. Res Q Exerc Sport 2000;71:61--8. School recess and group classroom behavior. Use fat-free, low-fat, soy, or nonfat dry milk instead of whole milk. JAMA 2004;291:28407--50. Choose foods that provide ample amounts of vitamins and minerals. MMWR 2005;54:1--12, http://www.nsdc.org/news/NSDCstudy2009.pdf, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Increase community access to school physical activity facilities. J Nutr Educ Behav 2009;41:293--9. According to a report (pdf) on Sri Lanka by the Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission, run jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP), two in every five households had their incomes reduced by more than 50% compared to the corresponding three-month period in 2021. In 2001, the prevalence of type 1 diabetes among a sample of U.S. persons aged 10--19 years was 2.28 cases per 1,000 persons (30). Lavin AT. In class behavior also has important implications for school performance. Health Educ Beh 2003;30:476--88. He M, Beynon C, Bouck MS, et al. Edwards J. U., Mauch L., Winkelman M. R. (2011). Available at. Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM. Kubik M, Lytle L, Story M. Schoolwide food practices are associated with body mass index in middle school students. Kubik M, Lytle L, Hannan P, Perry C, Story M. The association of the school food environment with dietary behaviors of young adolescents. The report also said approximately 8.7 million people (39.1% of the population) were not consuming an adequate diet. Farm to school: an introduction for food service professionals, food educators, parents and community leaders. Holcomb JD, Lira J, Kingery PM, Smith DW, Lane D, Goodway J. Snelling AM, Kennard T. The impact of nutrition standards on competitive food offerings and purchasing behaviors of high school students. School health: policy & practice. Two studies in low SES and undernourished children aged 810 years reported beneficial effects on hyperactivity (Richter et al., 1997; Murphy et al., 1998). Several observational studies of students' physical activity levels during physical education indicated that students were not moderately to vigorously physically active for at least 50% of class time (383,401,402). Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University; 2009. Oldenburg B, Sallis JF, Harris D, Owen N. Checklist of health promotion environments at worksites (CHEW): development and measurement characteristics. Pediatrics 2005;115:340--7. Physical activity guidelines for Americans, 2008. Offering transportation to and from these programs might increase student participation (574,607). Family nights are designed to attract families to the school to engage them in health education and promotion activities. PMC legacy view Wei RC, Darling-Hammond L, Andree A, Richardson N, Orphanos S. Professional learning in the learning profession: a status report on teacher development in the United States and abroad. The national standards emphasize competency in motor skills and movement patterns, movement principles and strategies, regular participation in physical activity, achievement and maintenance of health-related fitness (muscular strength and endurance, cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, and body composition), responsible social and personal behavior in physical activity settings, and the value of physical activity for health and enjoyment. Stang J, Story M, Kalina B. Seven of the eleven studies demonstrated a positive effect of breakfast on on-task behavior. The wonder of the human body is, we are truly what we eat. Unless specified otherwise, the goal of the weight management strategy should be weight maintenance versus weight loss. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) includes coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, and other diseases and illnesses of the heart and blood vessels. Meal-skipping seem to be a norm You missed breakfast because you decided to sleep-in after a big night; lunch was well-forgotten as you were drowning in assignments; you decided to skip supper because you want to look thinner, or you are running low on money. Council of Chief State School Officers. Prevalence of obesity among U.S. preschool children in different racial and ethnic groups. Performance-based assessments are designed to measure a student's knowledge, ability, skill, and attitude consistently, emphasizing methods other than standardized achievement tests, particularly those using multiple-choice formats (453,465,468,469). Two recent studies have demonstrated effects on on-task behavior following school lunch manipulations using a validated observation protocol (Golley et al., 2010; Storey et al., 2011). Increase in on-task behavior post SBP compared to baseline. Available at. Oakland, CA: Prevention Institute; 2010. American Diabetes Association. Require daily recess for elementary schools. A study of the association between children's access to drinking water in primary schools and their fluid intake: can water be 'cool' in school? Health Psych 1994;13:373--83. Cluster RCT, stepped wedge (sequential roll-out of intervention over 1 year period). Availability of school physical activity facilities to the public in four U.S. communities. Teachers, school staff members, community volunteers, and staff members from local partner organizations (e.g., local YMCA or parks and recreation departments) who lead or supervise recess should be appropriately trained to provide active supervision, promote physical activity during recess, minimize conflict among students, and maximize cooperation among students. For example, students can track via computer their daily physical activity for a week and receive a report on how many days they met the physical activity guidelines. Its hard to know, though, if breakfast causes these healthy habits or if people who eat it have healthier lifestyles. They can use the following strategies throughout the policy process. J Nutr Educ 1988;20:82--6. Galemore CA. Teachers rated behavior until grade 5. Health Educ Behav 2004;31:65--76. Available at. Relation between the breakfast quality and the academic performance in adolescents of Guadalajara (Castilla-La Mancha). Anyone else did not speak of or partake in eating in the morning. In addition, in 2006, 35% of school districts provided funding for or offered professional development for mental health and social services staff members on nutrition and dietary behavior counseling, and 36% of districts provided funding for or offered professional development on physical activity and fitness counseling during the 2 years before the study (677). Although meals aimed to be isocaloric, actual intake across conditions was variable and the macronutrient content differed between conditions. Assessing physical activity during recess using accelerometry. Proportion of children eating BF everyday did not change. Breakfast in eastern Europe remained mostly the same as the modern day: a "continental breakfast". Results from a nationally representative survey found that in the 2004--2005 school year, one or more sources of competitive foods were available in 75% of elementary schools, 97% of middle schools, and 100% of high schools (106). Parent and family support for physical activity can be defined as a child's perception of support (e.g., perceiving parents will do physical activity with them and sign them up for sports or other physical activities) to a parent's reported support (e.g., regular encouragement of physical activity or regularly placing value on being active). Health, mental health, and social services staff members serve as liaisons between school staff members, students, families, community programs, and health-care providers (515). Barrett Clayton J, Goodwin D, Kendrick O. Bro R. T., Shank L., Williams R., McLaughlin T. F. (1994). Prev Med 1995;24:9--22. Similarly, more on-task behavior in the classroom may be associated with improvements in academic performance supported by the positive association between habitual breakfast intake and academic performance (Boschloo et al., 2012; So, 2013). Although evaluations should not be used to audit or rank schools or penalize school staff members (199,200), evaluations can be used to motivate schools to make changes and monitor school-level implementation of school district, state, and federal policies. Assessment of iron deficiency in U.S. preschool children and nonpregnant females of childbearing age: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003--2006. Van Reusen K, Robinson J. Standards-based assessment in school health education. Prev Chronic Dis 2006;3:A37--45. Eating disorders are more common in females than males. This person serves as an active member of the district-level school health council and communicates the district school health council's decisions and actions to school-level health coordinators and teams, staff, students, and parents (189,196--198). US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Forum on Education Statistics; Szuba T, Young R, School Facilities Maintenance Task Force, eds. School staff members, coaches, and community volunteers who lead intramural activities and physical activity clubs during out-of-school time should be trained to place less emphasis on competition and more emphasis on having fun and developing skills. J Child Nutr Manag 2004. 6 intervention schools, 3 control schools. Volunteers have been shown to be an important component for sustaining programs, even when limited funding is available (447,584,592). Katie Adolphus was supported by an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) research studentship and funding from The Schools Partnership Trust Academies (SPTA). Dangerous behaviors (e.g., spearing in football, high-sticking in hockey, throwing a bat in baseball, and use of alcohol and other drugs by athletes) can be prohibited by establishing and enforcing rules (252,253). Widenhorn-Muller K, Hill K, Klenk J, Wiland U. McKeag DB, Moeller JL. Structured recreational observation (1). More recent evidence failed to show the same benefit in undernourished children ( 2 SD height-for-age of the NCHS reference) aged 11 years. The USDA A Menu Planner for Healthy School Meals provides information on how to plan, prepare, serve, and market healthy school meals (322). In order for SBPs to impact on behavioral outcomes, the barriers to participation need to be addressed. Children spent significantly more time on-task following a low GL breakfast meal compared with medium and high GL breakfast meals. Washington, DC: US Government Accountability Office; 2003. This effect was apparent in children irrespective of whether they were well-nourished and undernourished or from low SES or deprived backgrounds. A school-based physical activity program to improve health and fitness in children aged 6--13 years ("Kinder-Sportstudie KISS"): study design of a randomized controlled trial. Some studies say yes. [62], Some epidemiological research indicates that having breakfast high in rapidly available carbohydrates increases the risk of metabolic syndrome. It is said by Anita Stewart that the tradition of hearty cooking developed because of men needing the energy for manual labor. US Department of Agriculture. Eur J Pub Health 2006;23:1--5. Staunton CE, Hubsmith D, Kallins W. Promoting safe walking and bicycling to school: the Marin County success story. US Department of Agriculture. Measurements are more likely to be accurate when they are made by trained professionals (518). Further research in this field should include larger samples providing sufficient power and also include older children >13 years and consider the effects of gender on behavior. Health Educ Res 2005;20:14--23. Encourage participation in school meal programs among all students. Actions to support safe and healthy eating include. More research could contribute to the strength of these recommendations. The National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program were initiated, in part, as a way to reduce undernutrition among children and adolescents (68). Schools that adopt strong nutrition standards for competitive foods should revise existing food and beverage contracts so that healthier options are available for students (359). Proportion of children eligible for FSM or reduced priced meals: >70%. Epub Sept. 1, 1998. Eating breakfast enhances the efficiency of neural networks engaged during mental arithmetic in school-aged children, School breakfast and cognition among nutritionally at-risk children in the Peruvian Andes. Implement activities to promote healthy eating and physical activity that emphasize informational, behavioral skill, and policy and environmental approaches. Report of the 2000 Joint Committee on Health Education and Promotion Terminology. Res Q Exerc Sport 2005;76:202--11. Such activities contribute to accumulated physical activity during the school day (434). Male and female adolescents who reported frequent fast-food restaurant visits (three or more visits in the past week) were more likely to report that healthy foods tasted bad, that they did not have time to eat healthy foods, and that they cared little about healthy eating (95). Two overall types of scientific reports were used to identify the new guidelines and corresponding strategies and actions: 1) reports that included cross-sectional, prospective, and randomized controlled trials that were designed to improve healthy eating and physical activity and prevent youth obesity and to promote wellness among school employees and 2) expert statements that included opinions, commentaries, or consensus statements from public health and education organizations or agencies about youth nutrition, physical activity, or obesity prevention. This is because a prerequisite for academic learning is the ability to stay on task and sustain attention in class. Served before school, School BF: 100 ml milk (130 Kcal), cake (250 Kcal), or meat filled pasty (599 Kcal), Intervention: SBP: 600 Kcal, 60% RDA various vitamins and minerals and 100% RDA iron, Free SBP: Non-standardized. Cooper S. B., Bandelow S., Nute M. L., Morris J. G., Nevill M. E. (2012). In 2006, 78% of all states and 91% of all districts provided funding for staff development or offered professional development for physical education teachers on at least one physical education topic (e.g., administering or using fitness tests, student assessment, chronic health conditions, and injury prevention) during the 2 years before the study (144). Allegrante JP, Michela JL. Food marketing to children and youth: threat or opportunity? Protective clothing and equipment includes footwear appropriate for the specific activity; helmets for bicycling; helmets, face masks, mouth guards, and protective pads for football and ice hockey; shin guards for soccer; knee pads for in-line skating; and reflective clothing for walking and running. The search was conducted using the key words breakfast or school breakfast combined with children or adolescents combined with behavio$, on-task, off-task, concentration, attention, school performance, academic performance, scholastic performance, academic achievement, school grades, school achievement, and educational achievement using the Boolean operator and. The $ symbol was used for truncation to ensure the search included all keywords associated with behavior (behavior, behaviour, behavioural, behavioral). Provide annual professional development opportunities to school health, mental health, and social services staff members. School nurses should have a minimum of a bachelor's degree in nursing. Ralston K, Newman C, Clauson A, Guthrie J, Busby J. Normal weight and underweight and stunted children. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement. Additional strategies for low-cost changes to improve the lunch room environment are available at http://smarterlunchrooms.org. However, almost all persons in the United States consume more than the recommended amount of sodium. On the other hand, the cost of tertiary education plus living expenses mean that many students are short on food money. Behavior coded: Positive/negative/neutral interaction. In 1897, the first true breakfast sandwich recipe was published in a cookbook. Understanding Evaluation: The Way to Better Prevention Programs describes evaluation activities that school districts and community agencies can use to assess various programs (214). In 2006, 68% of districts had a person who oversaw or coordinated school health (e.g., a school health coordinator) (193). Healthy eating and regular physical activity can help prevent this type of diabetes (29,31,32). Prevention of the epidemic increase in child risk of overweight in low-income schools: the El Paso coordinated approach to child health. Pub Health Nutr 2009;13:589--95. These programs provide local produce, promote and support locally based agriculture, and often connect farmers and students with visits to farms and visits from farmers to the classroom, enabling students to learn how and where food is produced (599). Health Educ Behav 2006;33:81--96. Results at 1 year follow up indicated that children who attended the breakfast club had a higher incidence of borderline or abnormal conduct, pro-social, and total difficulties compared to children who did not attend the breakfast club (Shemilt et al., 2004). J Am Diet Assoc 2005;105:1261--5. Harmon A. Impact of a universally-free, in-classroom school breakfast program on achievement: results from the Abell Foundation's Baltimore Breakfast Challenge Program. Perry CL, Bishop DB, Taylor G, et al. Arch Dis Child 2006;91:121--5. Self-report measures also have limitations because breakfast is often subjectively defined and interpreted by the respondent, allowing for bias, inaccurate recall, and misreporting. Furthermore, lower-income and minority neighborhoods tend to have more fast-food restaurants than high-income and predominately white neighborhoods (101). Cardiovascular risk factors and excess adiposity among overweight children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. 6-week intervention. Several issues concern the observational methods used to assess behavior. School personnel, students, families, community organizations and agencies, and businesses can collaborate to successfully implement the coordinated school health approach and develop, implement, and evaluate healthy eating and physical activity efforts. Carbs will give you energy right away, and the protein will give it to you later on. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2009. IOM used a rigorous scientific review process to develop the Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools, which provides guidance on which foods and beverages schools should offer on school campuses (238). Dabelea D, Bell RA, D'Agostino RB Jr, et al. Children and adolescents experiencing hunger have lower math scores and are more likely to repeat a grade in school and receive special education services or mental health counseling than those not experiencing hunger (62,63). Reddan J., Wahlstrom K., Reicks M. (2002). That could be because eating foods with protein and fiber in the morning keeps your appetite in check the rest of the day. Hallstrm L., Vereecken C. A., Labayen I., Ruiz J. R., Le Donne C., Garcia M. C., et al. Family and community involvement in schools: results from the school health policies and programs study 2006. An average of 10 million children participate in the School Breakfast Program each school day, and 82% of these breakfasts are provided free or at a reduced price to students from low-income families (304). Philadelphia, PA: The Food Trust; Available at. Television and children's consumption patterns. These products, referred to as competitive foods and beverages because they are sold in competition with traditional school meals, often are sold in the school cafeteria and are available throughout school buildings, on school grounds, or at school-sponsored events. Position on dodgeball in physical education. J Nutr Educ 1998;30:396--404. focus on clear health goals and specific behavioral outcomes, address individual values and group norms that support health-enhancing behaviors, focus on increasing the personal perception of risk and harmfulness of engaging in specific health risk behaviors as well as reinforcing protective factors, build personal competence, social competence, and increase confidence in skills, provide functional health knowledge that is basic and accurate and directly contributes to health-promoting decisions and behaviors, use strategies designed to personalize information and engage students, provide age-appropriate and developmentally appropriate information, learning strategies, teaching methods, and materials, incorporate learning strategies, teaching methods, and materials that are culturally inclusive, provide adequate time for instruction and learning, provide opportunities to reinforce skills and positive health behaviors, provide opportunities to make positive connectionswith influential others, include teacher information and plans for professional development that enhance effectiveness of instruction and student learning, they learn about these behaviors through enjoyable, participatory activities rather than through lectures (, lessons emphasize the positive, appealing aspects of physical activity and healthy eating patterns rather than the negative consequences and present the benefits in the context of what is already important to students (, they have repeated opportunities to practice physical activity and healthy eating behaviors that are relevant to their daily lives (. A national health objective strives to increase the proportion of worksites that offer an employee health promotion program (objective ECBP 8) (10). Provide leadership in advocacy and coordination of effective school physical activity and nutrition policies and practices. The school health action plan should include goals that specifically address establishing partnerships with families and community members. Validation studies show dietary records provide unbiased and accurate estimates of diet in normal weight children up until the age of 9 years whereas adolescents and older children are more likely to underreport dietary energy intake by approximately 20% (Livingstone et al., 1992; Bandini et al., 1997). Effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality among children in a national household survey. Res Q Exerc Sport 2002;73:282--8. USDA has resources to guide schools on buying food for child nutrition programs, including the Food Buying Guide for Child Nutrition Programs (available at http://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/resources/foodbuyingguide.html) and Eat Smart---Farm Fresh (available at http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/guidance/farm-to-school-guidance_12-19-2005.pdf). Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States. Epidemiologic and surveillance data also were used to develop the introductory text. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2006. Rideout VJ, Foehr UG, Roberts DF. Schools also can build partnerships to market healthy food choices to students (372). Ten studies examined the effects of breakfast on average school grades. Some evidence suggested that effects may be more apparent in undernourished children who improved their nutritional status from at risk to adequate following a SBP (Kleinman et al., 2002). The deterioration of behavior following breakfast in the less well-equipped schools could reflect greater difficulties in accurately observing whether children are on-task or off-task when they do not have their own desk or are in overcrowded classrooms. Adolescents who do not achieve optimal bone mass during this period will lack the adequate support to sustain normal losses of bone mass later in life. American Cancer Society. Worst-hit among the estate workers are those coming from tea plantations that are already under the poverty line where four in every five households (79.1%) were regularly skimping on food. [51] Common breakfast products included corn pone, johnnycakes, ashcakes, hoe-cakes, and corn dodgers. Did students' consumption of fruits and vegetables increase after their school increased the availability of fruits and vegetables? Baker CW, Little TD, Brownell KD. Prev Med 1996;25:423--31. Equipment purchasing and facility design for school nutrition programs. The tool is available online at http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/hecat. Delmas C, Platat C, Schweitzer B, Wagner A, Oujaa M, Simon C. Association between television in bedroom and adiposity throughout adolescence. Directors of Health Promotion and Education. Obesity publishes important peer-reviewed research and cutting-edge reviews, commentaries, and Physical activity within the regular classroom also can enhance on-task classroom behavior of students (433) and establish a school environment that promotes regular physical activity. teach students the skills they need to live a healthy life; identify risky student behaviors and intervene when needed; identify and resolve health-care needs that affect educational achievement; provide case management for health and mental health issues; address behavioral and psychological problems; link students and families to community health resources; and. This association was Decrease in discipline referrals following SBP. Pediatrics 2008;121:1052--6. For example, school staff members can have a substantial influence on tobacco-free environments in schools (621--623). Behavior coded: on-task. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2010. J Child Nutr Manag 2002;26:1--6. Coordinated school health. Golan M, Crow S. Targeting parents exclusively in the treatment of childhood obesity: long-term results. Offer breakfast through alternative service methods (e.g., breakfast carts, breakfast in the classroom, breakfast after first period, and "grab and go"). Two studies carried out in undernourished samples (Chang et al., 1996; Richter et al., 1997) and three studies in children from low SES backgrounds (Bro et al., 1994, 1996; Benton et al., 2007) demonstrated positive effects on on-task behavior following breakfast. Achieving the recommended 225 minutes per week for physical education can be difficult in the many secondary schools that have block schedules, which feature a fewer number of classes, and these classes last longer than those at schools with different schedules. Res Q Exerc Sport 2005;76:324--38. Corder K., van Sluijs E. M. F., Steele R. M., Stephen A. M., Dunn V., Bamber D., et al. Barlow SE, Dietz WH. Prev Sci 2002;3:105--24. In 2006, 4% of elementary schools, 8% of middle schools, and 2% of high schools provided daily physical education for the entire school year for students in all grades in the school (144). Iftar is done right after Maghrib (sunset) time. National Association for Sport and Physical Education. Physical activity places a mechanical load on the skeleton, and the body responds by strengthening bone mass to support the activity. Available at: California Project LEAN, The Center for Weight and Health, University of California Berkeley. Bradley BJ. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:1115--20. Health and nutrition education in primary schools in Crete: 10 years follow-up of serum lipids, physical activity and macronutrient intake. Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Boards of Education; 2000. Healthy people 2020. Schools and obesity prevention: creating school environments and policies to promote healthy eating and physical activity. The school nutrition policy should ensure a safe environment for students with chronic health conditions. Reston, VA: National Association for Sport and Physical Education; 2002. US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. School breakfast programs: perceptions and barriers, Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. In the 2004--2005 school year, boys participated in the School Breakfast Program at a higher rate than girls, non-Hispanic black students participated at a higher rate than Hispanic students and non-Hispanic white students, elementary school students participated at a higher rate than middle and high school students, students who were eligible for free and reduced-price meals participated at a higher rate than students who were not income eligible, students who spoke Spanish in the home participated at a higher rate than students who spoke English, and rural students participated at a higher rate than urban students (314). School grades obtained from school records: Significant increase in mathematics grades in children who improved nutritionally status from at risk to adequate post intervention. Greves H., Lozano P., Liu L., Busby K., Cole J., Johnston B. J Adolesc Health 1998;23:29--38. Worksite wellness in the school setting. Bandura A. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 2006;38:2086--94. Education 1996;116:528--34. Available at. It is the reality. Walking and bicycling to school has become less common among school-aged children and adolescents. Krebs NF, Himes JH, Jacobson D, Nicklas TA, Guilday P, Styne D. Assessment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity. National Association for Sport and Physical Education. Professionals such as certified school counselors, psychologists, social workers, and, occasionally, psychiatrists provide mental health and social services (508). Available at, National Association for Sport and Physical Education. As students move into adolescence, lifetime physical activities (e.g., walking, bicycling, tennis, and swimming) that students enjoy and succeed in are important to include in physical education lessons (293,386,387). AOR males: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.571.83; AOR females: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.762.97. Intervention studies. Nutrition service staff members should be provided with information and support to assist students who are on nutrition programs or diets prescribed by their health-care provider. Skim fat off warm broth, soup, stew, or gravy. Diffusion of an integrated health education program in an urban school system: planet health. Schools and school districts can cancel, not sign, not renew, or negotiate contracts so that only foods and beverages that meet strong nutrition standards are available to students. Epstein LH, Roemmich JN, Robinson JL, et al. Xiang P, McBride R, Guan J. Engbers LH, van Poppel MN, Chin AP, van Mechelen W. Worksite health promotion programs with environmental changes: a systematic review. Role of the school nurse in providing school health services. ERR-83. Age specific standardized achievement tests are routinely administered by schools in developed countries for monitoring and provide an overall indication of intellectual level. Influence of confounders. Prev Med 2003;37:198--208. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2006;295:1549--55. Home environmental influences on children's television watching from early to middle childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998;37:163--70. On a typical school day during the 2004--2005 school year, among students who participated in both the School Breakfast Program and the National School Lunch Program, an average of 47% of their calories came from meals and snacks consumed at school (305). This will also help you to save money. Comprehensive environmental, policy, and organizational approaches might result in positive behavior change among school employees. Parents can relate to volunteers who are also parents, and this networking can be a useful tool for sustaining participation in volunteer programs (587). Greater increase in total and language scores in attendees compared with non-attendees. School health councils, teams, and coordinators can lead the development, implementation, and monitoring of policies (194,196). In 2002, 62% of children and adolescents aged 9--13 years did not participate in any organized physical activity during nonschool hours, and 23% did not engage in any free-time physical activity (109). School, family, and community partnerships: preparing educators and improving schools. Grimm GC, Harnack L, Story M. Factors associated with soft drink consumption in school-aged children. J Am Diet Assoc 2007;107:662--5. representatives of the people the program will affect, such as bargaining units (e.g., unions), teachers, teacher aides, custodians and maintenance staff members, bus drivers, technology staff members, secretaries, and school nutrition employees; representatives from health education, physical education, health services, nutrition services, and mental health and social services; an administrator from the school who will communicate with the school board or superintendent or both; managers of human resources, employee assistance programs, workers' compensation, benefits, and facilities; community representatives from health departments, health care, recreation and fitness centers, businesses, and nonprofit organizations. (2012) demonstrated, in a large cohort of 21,400 school children aged 515 years, a non-significant association between breakfast eating frequency and scores on standardized achievement tests for reading, mathematics and science following adjustment for an extensive set of confounders. Alexandria VA: Association for Curriculum Development; 2005. In: Allensworth D, Lawson E, Nicholson L, Wyche J, eds. Self-report version for secondary school children. Qualified professionals such as nurses, physicians, dentists, health educators, and other allied health personnel provide school health services. 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